1is often use as asynonym for “liquid”, with no implication that gascould be also be present.
Fluid
2 Fluids are subset of the phases of matter and include
Liquids, gases, plasma, plastic solids
3are substances that are capable of flowing and conform to the shape of containing vessels.
Fluids
4fluids cannot sustain
tangential or shear forces
5True/false: All fluids have some degree of compressibility and offer resistance to change of form.
True
6Liquids form a ____ _____ while gases do not.
free surface
7The study of fluids
Fluid Mechanics
8It is subdivided into Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Staticsdepending on whether the fluid is in motion.
Fluid Mechanics
9Properties of fluids: (6)
Density
Specific weight
Specific Gravity
Pressure
Viscosity
Bulk modulus of elasticity
10Regardless of form (solid, liquid, gas) we can define how much mass is squeezed into particular space.
Mass density
11Mass density formula
density = mass / volume
12Is defined as the ratio of mass to volume at a point.
Mass Density
13Density (mass per unit volume):
p= m / v
14unit of density: (in SI units)
kg / m^3
15The ratio of the specific weight of a given fluid to the specific weight of water at standard reference temperature of 4 degree Celcius
Specific Gravity
16The standard reference temperature in specific gravity
4 degreee celcius
17Specific Gravity formula
S= Yfluid / Ywater
18relates important thermodynamic properties, and is often used to calculate density.
Ideal Gas Law
19Ideal Gas Law formula:
p= PRT
20A measure of the amount of force exerted on a surface area.
Pressure
21formula of pressure :
pressure = force / area
22It is the weight of all the fluid above you.
pressure
23It is the weight of all the air above on area on the surface of the earth.
Atmospheric pressure
24the only thing that counts in _____ ________ is the gravitational force acting on the mass ABOVE you.
•
Fluid pressure
25Pressure acts _____________ to the surface and increases at greater depth.
perpendicular
26Net upward force is called the
Bouyant Force
27The amount of _____ ________ is equal to the volume of the rock.
water displaced
28An immersed body is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Archimedes' principle
29The apparent weight of an object in a liquid is
Gravitational force (weight) - buoyant force
30The primary difference between a liquid and a gas is the _______________.
distance between the molecules
31In a ____, the molecules are so widely separated, that there is little interaction between the individual molecules
Gas
32______ is formed by two Greek words: "____" and "____" meaning "____" and "____".
Hydrology, hydro, logos, water, science
33means a science which deals with the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water of the earth and earth'satmosphere.
Hydrology
34means a study which is concern chiefly with academic aspects.
Scientific hydrology
35means a study concerned with engineering applications
Engineering or Applied Hydrology
36Engineering Hydrology deals with: (3)
1. Estimation of water resources.
2. Study of processes such as precipitation,run-off, evapotranspiration and their interaction.
3.The study of problems such as floods, droughts, and strategies to combat them.
37The dynamic nature of water, the existence of water in various state with different hydrological process result in a very important natural phenomenon called
Hydrologic cycle
38Condensed water in the atmosphere to form rain, snow, hail, sleet, etc. reaching on to the land.
Precipitation
39types of precipitation
rain
snow
hail
sleet
40Transformation of liquid vapor or water due
water to atmospheric to heat.
Evaporation
41Entry of water through the ground enhancing the moisture content of the soil reaching the groundwater body.
Infiltration
42Portion of water sent from under the ground surface back to the atmosphere.
Transpiration
43Portion of precipitation which variety of paths above the surface of the earth reaching the stream channel.
Run-off
44Run-off that reaches stream channel.
Stream Flow
45Depression Storage
Temporary Storage
46types of temporary storage:
dams
reservoir
pond
47precipitation that does not reach the soil, but instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of plants and the forest floor.
Interception
48(transportation components of the hydrologic cycle) reach the ground surface: (3)
1. Interception loss
2. Throughfall
3. Stem flow
49rain water retained by the vegetation as surface storage (evaporate)
Interception loss
50rain water can drip off the plant leaves to join the ground surface or the surface flow.
Throughfall
51the rain water may run along the leaves and branches and down the stem to reach the around surface.
Stem flow
52it comes from the greek word _____ means water.
Hydraulics, Hudour
53It is a science that deals with the mechanical behavior ofwater at rest or in motion
Hydraulics
54science of water that encompasses Fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydrology
Hydraulics
55the study of fluids under all conditions of rest & motion– employs basic principles of science (physics);mathematical rather than empirical.
Fluid Mechanics
56It deals primarily with water– employs empirical approach and finds solution of practical value; applied fluid mechanics
Hydraulics
57the study of space, time, and frequency characteristicsof the quantity and quality of waters of the earth.
encompasses the water’s occurrence, movement,distribution, circulation, storage, exploration & dev’t
Hydrology
58circular pipes and tanks
Hoop Tension
59under the hydraulics to be topic:
hoop tension
flow through an orifice
analysis of dams
buoyancy and stability of floating bodies
fundamentals of liquid
water flow through closed conduits
open-channel flow
weirs
hydrodynamics
60It deals with the provision of water for human use, and the developmentof techniques for the prevention of destruction from floods. Water resources engineering also includes the planning and management of facilities that are constructed for these tasks like making canals for irrigation and sewers fordrainage and to avoid waterlogging, and all other issues related with the usage andcontrol of water.
Water resources engineering
61The water’s different characteristics, which make it different fromthe other natural resources:
1.) Water production involves economies of large scale; and these are evident in water storage, conveyance, and distribution.
2.) Water is mobile. Water occurs both as stock and as flow.Surface water tends to flow, evaporate, transpire, and seep, whilegroundwater exists as a stock usually subject to recharge flows.
3.) Water is not entirely consumed by any particular user but bymany and varied entities.
4.) Water is nearly a universal solvent. It assimilates water andpollutants.
62hydrological concepts
- everything is connected
-climate shapes physical and biological environments
- theres a relationship between land use and water resources
63it is the vital resource support all forms of life on earth.
Water
64It refer to the supply of groundwater andsurface water in a given area
Water resources
65The world’s supply of freshwater is maintained through the _____, which involves the processes oftransferring water from the sea and other bodies of water tothe land and back to the sea again
Hydrologic cycle
66it is freshwater located in the pore space of soil and rocks.
Sub-surface water or groundwater
67 It is water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table.
Ground water
68it is water in a river, lake or freshwater wetland.
Suface water
69It is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface seepage
Surface water
70Throughout the course of a river, thetotal volume of water transported downstream will often bea combination of the visible free water flow together with asubstantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocksand gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain called the __________.
hypoheic zone
71Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its flood plain
Under river flow
72It is an artificial process by which saline water(generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.
Desalination
73Common desalination prcesses are:(2)
distillation and reverse osmosis
74Several schemes have been proposed tomake use of icebergs as a water source, however to date thishas only been done for novelty purposes.
Frozen water
75It is considered to be surface water.
Glacier runoff
76(Use of water)Water are used in various ways: (8)
-direct consumption
-agricultural irrigation
-fisheries
-hydropower
-industrial production
- recreation
-navigation
-environmental protection
- the disposal and treatment of sewage
- industrial effluents
7769% of worldwide water use is for _______. It is under the_____.
Irrigation, agricultural
78______ liters of water, converted from liquid to vapor, to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need.
3,000
7922% of worldwidew water
Industrial
80Major industrial users include:
-hydroelectric dams
-thermoelectric power plants
-manufacturing plants
81which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes.
thermoelectric power plants
82which use the water as a solvent.
manufacturing plants
838% of worldwide water use
Household
84household water use:
-drinking water
- bathing
-cooking
-sanitation
-gardening
85 Basic household water requirements have been estimated at around __ liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens
50
86It is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or longterm harm
Drinking water
87 It is the surface layer of the earth, c omposedof:fine rock material by geologicaldisintegratedprocesses;organicand humus, theremains ofdecomposed vegetation
Soil
88It is the substance existing on the earth’s surface, whichgrows and develops plant life.
Soil
89The unconsolidated mineral or organic material onthe immediate surface of theEarth that serves as a naturalmedium for the growth of landplants.
Soil
90the branch of science concerned with the formation, nature, ecology, andclassification of soils
Soil Science
91It is the material in the relative thin surface zone within which roots occur and all the rest of the crust is grouped under the term ROCK, irrespective of its hardness.
Soil
92It is an accumulation of loose material from mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks (also relocated) and containing a large admixture of various organic substances on the Earth's surface.
Soil
93the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.
Geology
94The layer of unconsolidated rocky material covering bedrock.
Regolith
95It s the un-aggregated or un-cemented deposits of mineral and/or organic particles or fragments covering large portion ofthe earth’s crust.
Soil
96Functions of soil: (5)
- as a medium for plant growth
- as a system for water supply and purification
-as a recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes
-as a habitat for soil organisms
- as an engineering medium
97It is the application of the principles of Soil Mechanics to practical problems.
Soil Engineering
98It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to varioustypes of forces
Soil Mechanics
99It is the application of engineering mechanics to the solution of problems dealing bwith soils as a foundation and a construction material.
Soil Mechanics
100Other names for Soil Mechanics:
Geotechnique
Geotechnics
Geomechanics
Geotechnical Engineering
101He is the undisputed father of Soil Mechanics
Karl Terzaghi
102his publication “________” in 1925 laid thefoundation of Soil Mechanics which broughtrecognition to importance of soils in engineering
Karl Terzaghi, Erdbaumechanik
103He was the first person to use mechanics to solve soil problems.
Charles Agustin Coulomb
104It is the application of laws of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with sediments and other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the mechanical and chemical disintegration of rocks regardless of whether or not they contain an admixture of organic constituent.
Soil mechanics
105It is derived from Latin word “ ____” having same meanings as our modern world.
Soil, solum
106It is a complex of inorganic matters thatmay or may not contain organic decomposedorganic residues and other substances, whichblanket the earth’s crust, which is formed bythe process of weathering (Disintegration anddecomposition) of rock and mineral.
Soil
107Soil is a mixture of?
Water, air and solids
108Soil which supports vegetation
Top soil
109the undisturbed strata lying immediately below the natural top soil is termed as "__".
Sub soil
110Types of soil: (5)
Gravels
sands
silts
clay
peats
111(Type of soil) further classified into two types:
Cohesive soils
Non cohesive
112(Type of soil) Clay, shale and silts.
Cohesive
113(Type of soil) Sand and Gravels, which possesses noplasticity and tend to lack cohesionspecially when in dry state.
Non cohesive
114(identification of soils) Soils have more than 50 percent by weight retained on the No. 200 sieve and are described primarily on the basis of grain size and density
Coarse grained soils
115more than 50 percent by weight finer than the No. 200 sieve.
Descriptions o fthese soils should state the color, texture,stratification, and odor, and whether the soils aresoft, firm, or stiff, intact or fissured.The visual examination should be accompanied byestimated or laboratory determined index properties
Fine-grained soils
116(Physical Properties of soils) color: depends on
Minerals of soil
organic contents
Amount of oxides
Color is natural state
117(Physical properties of soils) Particular shapes:
Angular
sub angular
rounded
elongated
flaky
118It indicate the range of water content over which a cohesive soil behaves plastically.
Atterberg limits
119The upper limit of this range is known as the______ ;
Liquid limit
120the lower, as the _______ (PL).
Plastic limit
121It is the water content at which a soilwill just begin to flow when slightly jarred in aprescribed manner.
Liquid limit
122It is the water content at which the soil will just begin to crumble when rolled into threads 1/8 inch in diameter.
Plastic limit
123The mass density of a soil material is its?
weight per unit volume
124undisturbed cohesive soil may be expressedquantitatively by the unconfined compressive strength qu
Consistency
125Art and science of applying engineering judgment and the principles of soil mechanics.
Foundation engineering
126Two parts consisting an engineering structure:
1. Superstructure - upper part
2. Substructure/foundation - lower part
127part of the structure which is usually placedbelow the surface of the ground and which transmitsthe load to the underlying soil or rock.
Sub structure/ foundation
128Two essential requirements in the design offoundations:
1. Total settlement shall be limited to tolerablesmall amount
2. Differential settlement shall be eliminated asnearly as possible.
129To limit settlement, it is necessary:
1. To transmit the load of the structure to asoilstratum of sufficient strength.
2. To spread the load over a sufficiently largeareaof that stratum to minimize bearing pressure.
130Two principal kinds of failure for foundation:
1. Structural failure of foundation (bending,shear, bearing).
2.Bearing capacity failure of the supporting soil
131The application of scioence and engineering knowledge and concepts to care for and restore our natural environmental problems.
Environmental Engineering
132applied science and technology that adresses the issue of energy preservation, production asset, control of waste from human and animal activities.
Environmental engineering
133Who does environmental issues affect?
Plants
insects
animals
humans
ecosystems
our planet
134What are environmental issues?
Air quality
land quality
Water quality
135(Why is air quality such a problem?) Poor air quality can lead to:
Smog
respiratory and other illnesses
acid rain
global warming
136A known substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment.
Air pollutant
137Air pollutatnts:
nitrogen oxides
sulfur oxides
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
138An increase in the averages air temperature of the earth.
Global warming
139Heat from the sun gets trapped inside the glass of greenhouse and heats up its air. More carbon dioxide being released in the atmosphere traps more heat.
Green house effect
140How can we reduce air pollutants?
Carpool
Hybrid cars
EPA government regulation
NEW: geologic carbon sequestration
Alternative fuels
Walk, bike or use public transportation
141Known as the "Phiippine Clean air act of 1999".
R.A. 8749
142R.A. 8749
"Phiippine Clean air act of 1999".
143An act for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and other purposes.
R.A 8749 PHILLIPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
144Contains 7 chapters and 56 sections
R.A 8749 PHILLIPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
145Approved on June 23, 1999
R.A 8749 PHILLIPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
146Destruction of earth's surface caused by human activities and miuse of natural resources.
Land pollution
147Land and raw materials that exist naturally in the environment undisturbed by humans.
Natural resources
148A natural resources that can be replaced by a natural process.
renewable resource
149A natural resource that cannot be produced or re-grown or reused.
Non-renweable resource
150Renewable energy:
Solar energy
Biomass energy
Wind energy
Geothermal energy
Hydropower energy
151Non- renewable energy
Fossil fuel oil
coal
natural gas
nuclear
152What problems aruse from land pollution?
Acid mine drainage
Pesticides and herbicides
landfills
153was enacted on March, 2004 and published on April 21, 2004 and subsequently took effect on may 6, 2004.
R.A 9275 Phillipine clean water act
154It was approved by the secretary on May 16, 2005 and published ;ast may 26,2005 under DAO2005-10 series of 2005.
Implementing rules and regulations of the PCWA of 2004
155Environmental " civil engineers" focus on:
Bioremediation
Hydrology
water resources management
Water treatment plant design
156It is a biological process that stimulates helpful microbes to use harmful contaminants as their source of food and energy.
Boiremediation
157Water resources management: demand
1. domestic water demand
2. industrial or commercial water demand
3. public water demand
4. fire water demand
158Stages in water treatment
1. screening
2. Plain sedimentation
3. sedimentation with coagulation
4. flocculation
5. aeration
6. disinfection
8. softening
159they are responsible for the selection,specification, and quality control of materials to beused in a construction project.
Materials engineers
160These classes of criteria include: (7)
Economic factors
Mechanical properties
Non-mechanical properties
Production/construction considerations
Aesthetic properties
Sustainable design
Environmental qualit
161Factors that should be considered in the selection of the material include:
■availability and cost of raw materials
■ manufacturing costs
■ transportation
■ placing
■ maintenance
162in analyzing the economicselection of a material, the ______ cost should beevaluated in addition to the initial costs of the structure
life cycle
163The ________ behavior of materials is the response ofthe material to external loads.
mechanical
164It refer to characteristics of the material, other than load response, that affect selection,use, and performance. There are several types of properties that are of interest to engineers, but those ofthe greatest concern to civil engineers are density, thermal properties, and surface characteristics
Non- mechanical properties
165It refers to theappearance of the material.
The Aesthetic characteristics of a material
166It is the philosophy of designingphysical objects, the built environment and services tocomply with the principles of economic, social, andecological sustainability.
Sustainable design
167Based on the cumulative rating the project is awarded a status of Certified
Silver, Gold, Platinum
168For new construction and major renovations the rating areas include:
■Sustainable sites
■ Water efficiency
■ Energy and atmosphere
■ Materials and resources
■ Indoor environmental quality
■ Innovation in design
■ Regional priority