GMAE 2

Basic structional and functional unit

smallest living parts of the body

Two type of cell

Cells without a Nucleus

Cells that contains Nucleus

Are usually larger than prokaryotic cells, and they
are found mainly in multicellular organisms.

When the molecules themselves combine
together in many different ways they form
the basic unit of any living organism.

All living organisms contain a multitude
of cell types, whose main functions are to maintain a proper ___ in the body, which is maintaining the internal environment of the body in a relatively constant state.

The cell is composed of two basic parts

forms a selective, structural barrier or boundary between the internal and the external environments

The membrane that surrounds the cell consists
of

Interspersed within and embedded in the
phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane are
the;

Located on the external surface of the
cell membrane is a delicate, fuzzy cell
coat called the arranged on both
the inner and outer surfaces of the cell
membrane.

It is present on all cells, but it is especially conspicuous on the coherent layer of cells that
form the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract.

The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane has
a fluid consistency, and, as a result, the
compositional structure of the cell
membrane is characterized as a

thier ___ arranged on both the inner and outer surfaces of the cell membrane.

The ___ of the lipid layers face each other in the center of the membrane.Used for cell-to-cell
communication

forms an important barrier between the internal and external environments of the cell, which then
maintains a constant intracellular environment

Two types of proteins in membrane transport

Posses an aqueous pore and may be gated (require the presence of a stimulus or signaling molecules)
or ungated (always open).

Used for cell-to-cell communication

Diffuse through the cell membrane to activate intracellular messenger systems by binding to receptor molecules located in either the cytoplasm or the nucleus.no
energy required (via ion
channel or carrier proteins)

Initiate a specific sequence of responses by binding to receptors embedded in the cell
membrane

Can permit the passage of molecules with or without the expenditure of energy.
Can utilize ATP-driven methods.

Membrane Transport System that down an ionic or concentration gradient

Membrane Transport System that is no energy required (via ion channel or carrier proteins)performs the
uptake and transfer of molecules and solids
across the cell membrane into the cell
interior.

Membrane Transport System tha is energy required, usually against a gradient (only via carrier proteins)

Other substances, such as glucose, ions, or proteins, cannot pass through the cell membrane
and cross it only by specific

performs the uptake and transfer of molecules and solids across the cell membrane into the cell
interior.its

the release of material from the cell cytoplasm across the cell membrane is called

3 types of endocytosis

it's a type of endocytosis that process by which cells ingest small molecules of extracellular fluids
or liquids. (nonspecific uptake of molecules in
an aqueous solution)

it's a type of endocytosis that refers to the ingestion or intake of large particles by the cells, such as bacteria, worn out cells, or cellular debris.

it's a type of endocytosis is specific uptake of substances, such as low-density lipoproteins.

is used for products that are released from cells continuously, as soon as synthesis is complete,
such as procollagen for the ECM.

occurs in response to signals coming to the cells, such as the release of digestive enzymes from
pancreatic cells in response to specific stimuli.

consists largely of a fluid component – cytosol

It bathes metabolically the active structures called

Contains hundreds of enzymes that produce building blocks for larger molecules and break
down small molecules to liberate energy.

performs a specialized metabolic function that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis
and cell life.

is the largest organelle of a cell.

The nucleus consists of

The nucleus contains the cellular genetic material ___, which encodes all cell structures and functions.

Composed of an Inner and Outer membrane with an intervening Perinuclear Cistern.

At intervals around the periphery of the nucleus, the outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse to form numerous

are membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with high-energy phosphate bonds, which supplies energy for most cellular activities.

The inner membrane exhibits numerous folds called

extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane
• may be rough or smooth are small, electron-dense
granules found in the
cytoplasm of the cell

is an extensive network of sacs, vesicles, and interconnected flat tubules called

is characterized by numerous flattened, interconnected cisternae, whose cytoplasmic surfaces are covered or studded with granules
called

• is devoid of ribosomes, and it consists primarily of anastomosing or connecting tubules.

are small, electron-dense granules found in the cytoplasm of the cell

are organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus that are highly variable in appearance and size.

•completes posttranslational
modifications of proteins synthesized in
the RER and then packages and
addresses these proteins to proper
destinations.
• composed of smooth membranous
saccules containing enzymesEpithelial cells contain the intermediate
filaments

2 distinct sides of golgi apparatus

• consists of a network of tiny protein filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm.
• It serves the cell’s structural framework.

Three types of filamentous proteins:

Epithelial cells contain the intermediate filaments

filaments are found in many mesenchymal cells.

filaments are found in both smooth and striated muscles.

proteins are found in the nerve cells and their processes.

are found in astrocytic glial cells of the nervous system.

intermediate filaments are found on the inner layer of the nuclear membrane.

• are found in almost all cell types except red blood cells.
• They are the largest elements of the cytoskeleton. centrioles

All microtubules originate from the microtubule-organizing center, the____in the cytoplasm, which contains a pair of ___.

is an area of the cytoplasm located
near the nucleus.

Within the centrosome are two small cylindrical structures

are temporary structures that accumulate in the cytoplasm of certain cells.