Gen Chem 3R

Emphasizes the role of particle motion

In liquids, the molecules are in constant motion

liquids are characterized by moderate intermolecular forces

liquids have a higher density compared to gases

In solids, the particles are closely packed in a regular

solids have strong intermolecular forces that hold the particles

solids are nearly due to the close arrangement of particles

It occurs between polar covalent molecules

are forces between individual particle such as atoms ions and molecule

These weak forces of attraction in non polar substances

the attraction between a highly electronegative atom and a hydrogen

meaning they occupy a specific amount of space

unlike solids that have a fixed and definite shape

liquids have a higher density compared to gases

liquids are generally considered to be ?

liquids exhibit limited ______ compared to gases

is a measure of a liquid resistance to flow

is the tendency of the surface of a liquid to resist external forces

liquids can rise or fall in narrow tubes due to ?

liquids have distinct _____ at specific temperatures

refers to the ordered arrangement of atoms ions or molecules

is a powerful technique used to study the structure of crystalline materials

The diffraction of X rays by a crystal is based on ?

the x-ray _______ is recorded on a detector and consist of a series of bright spots

by analyzing the diffraction pattern scientist can determine the three dimensional arrangement of atoms

Typically x ray Diffraction experiments use a x-ray procured bynxbray tubes

Can be classified into various types based on their structure

Composed of ions held together by ionic bonds

composed of atoms linked by covalent bonds forming a continuous network

composed of metal atoms held together by metallic bonds

composed of molecules held together intermolecular

solids are a class of solid materials that lack the long range order

Glass is a common example of an amorphous solid

many Polymers in their glassy state

Some metal alloys can be rapidly cooled to form amorphous structures

a measure of the strength of intermolecular forces in a liquid

represented in a phase describes conditions

that hold molecules together in liquids and solids also play a central role

the presence of non a volatile solute in a solvent lowers the ?

the ____ of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.

the _______of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.

the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable

represent the number of ions produced by a solute in a solution due to dissociation

Electrolytes lower the ______ more than non electrolytes

Electrolytes cause a greater increase in the

electrolytes lead to more pronounced lowering of the ____

electrolytes contribute to ____

areq types of mixture where one substance is dispersed I'm another in the form of small particles.

Is a fundamental concept in physics

the internal energy of a substance due to the movement of it's atoms and molecules

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules

energy carried by electromagnetic waves

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

the energy associated with the vibration of particles in a medium

the potential energy an object has due to its position in a ?

Three system represented by water

Reactions release energy to the surroundings

reaction absorb energy from the surroundings

is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Reaction must overcome this energy ____

can lower the activitation energy, facilitating the reaction without being consumed

is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the total heat content of a system

is a branch of thermodynamics that involves measurement of heat transfer

Is a branch of physical science that deals with the principle governing energy

if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a Third system

energy cannot be created or destroyed

In any energy transformation or transfer the total entropy of a close system increased

as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero

this is the physical property of a soluted depends on the number of solute particles

the addition of non volatile solute to a solvent makes the ______ of the solution lower that that of solvent alone

the addition of a non volatile solute to a solvent makes the _____ of the solution higher than that of the solvent alone

The addition of a non volatile solute to a solvent makes the ______ of the solution lower than that of the solvent alone

the pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane separating solution differing composition

what are the osmotic pressure

Solution with an osmotic pressure lower than that in cells

solution with an osmotic pressure higher than that in cells.

Solution with an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cell

the first aspect pertains with energy changed that accompany physical and chemical processes that evolve heat and know as

is a chemical equation that includes the amount of energy

allowed us to use standard heats of formation to indirectly calculate the heat if reaction