GA Intro Terminology and Tissues
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Prone
face down
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supine
face up
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median/midsaggital/saggital
divides left and right
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frontal/coronal plane
divides into front and back
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transverse/horizontal plane
divides into top and bottom
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posterior
back
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anterior
front
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inferior
lower
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superior
higher
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lateral
away from the midline
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medial
towards the midline
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proximal
closer to the trunk
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distal
farther from the trunk
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contralateral
opposite movement away from the trunk
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ipsilateral
same side movement away from the trunk
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4 types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
connective
muscle
nervous
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epithelial tissue characteristics
superficial skin and inner lining of organs, cavities, blood vessels
made up almost entirely by cells
avascular
made up almost entirely by cells
avascular
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Connective tissue characteristics
Cells not in contact with each other, surrounded by fluid or matrix
highly vascularized
protein fibers add structure and strength
highly vascularized
protein fibers add structure and strength
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3 basic components of connective tissue
Cells
Protein fibers
Ground Substance
Protein fibers
Ground Substance
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Cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts (fiber creaters)
Scattered adipocytes (fat cells)
Some resident and some wandering immune cells
Scattered adipocytes (fat cells)
Some resident and some wandering immune cells
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Protein fibers in connective tissue
collagen (majority)
elastic
reticular
elastic
reticular
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ground substance in connective tissue
thin gel in proper connective tissue (more fluid)
firm gel in cartilage (more solid)
impregnated with inorganic salts in bone (very rigid)
firm gel in cartilage (more solid)
impregnated with inorganic salts in bone (very rigid)
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Collagen fiber characteristics
made of the protein collagen (main component of leather and glue)
tough, flexible, resists stretching
glistening, pearly white appearance
very common
tough, flexible, resists stretching
glistening, pearly white appearance
very common
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elastin fiber characteristics
stretchy like rubber bands
imparts the ability to stretch and recoil back to original shape
imparts the ability to stretch and recoil back to original shape
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Reticular fibers characteristics
made of type III collagen
forms a net-like structure
found in endocrine glands, liver, lymph organs
forms a net-like structure
found in endocrine glands, liver, lymph organs
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types of connective tissue
Fibrous (proper) connective tissue
Adipose (fat) tissue
Supportive connective tissue (bone and cartilage)
Fluid connective tissue (blood)
Adipose (fat) tissue
Supportive connective tissue (bone and cartilage)
Fluid connective tissue (blood)
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Dominant connective tissues
tendons
ligaments
fascia
ligaments
fascia
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tendons
connect muscle to bone
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ligaments
connect bones to other bones
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fascia is found between
skin and the muscles
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fascia forms a pathway for _______ to enter and exit
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fascia subdivides
muscles
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fascia stores
water and fat
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fascia provides mechanical protection againstcia
blows
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when connective tissues are arranged in enveloping sheets that surround structures, they are called
fascia
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liquid between fascial sheets provideswf
lubrication for movement
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superficial fascia is made of
loose connective tissue
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deep fascia is
tougher and thicker than superficial
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deep fascia blends with
periosteum to connect to bone
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internal fascia connects
pleura (thorax) and peritoneum (abdomen) to body wall
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superficial fascia is rich in ______ and loose in ______
adipose tissue
organization
organization
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deep fascia is devoid of _______ and extends inward to subdivide _______ and wrap around _______
adipose tissue
muscles
neurovascular bundles
muscles
neurovascular bundles
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cartilage is _____ than bone, but more ______ and _________
weaker
flexible
resilient
flexible
resilient
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cartilage contains
water
collagen
cells
collagen
cells
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cells in cartilage
chondroblasts
chondrocytes
chondrocytes
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chondroblasts
produce the matrix of cartilage
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once chondroblasts make enough matrix to encase themsleves in lacunae, they become
chondrocytes
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chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells that maintain the matrix
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cartilage matrix is vascular or avascular?
avascular
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The cartilage matrix is made up of mostly
water
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cartilage matrix is resistant to
compression, meaning it doesn't damage easily from compression
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compression helps maintain cartilage by promoting
fluid movement to cells that are avascular
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cartilage matrix is vulnerable to
twisting and bending, tears easily
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functions of cartilage
providing a gliding surface for joints
providing a model for bone formation or growth
Skeletal structure where flexibility or resistance to breaking is useful (costal cartilages, trachea)
providing a model for bone formation or growth
Skeletal structure where flexibility or resistance to breaking is useful (costal cartilages, trachea)
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Types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
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Most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline
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where is hyaline cartilage found?
trachea, larynx, joints, end of bones (epiphyseal plates), fetal skeleton
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characteristics of fibrocartilage
shock absorbing
resists strech and compression
found in intervertebral discs, knee joints, pelvis
resists strech and compression
found in intervertebral discs, knee joints, pelvis
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characteristics of elastic cartilage
stretchy
contains branched elastin fibers
found in ear, end of nose, epiglottis
contains branched elastin fibers
found in ear, end of nose, epiglottis
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Bone connective tissues
periosteum connective tissue and cartilage connective tissue
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ground substance of bone is rigid due to
deposition of minerals in the matrix which have gone through calcification/mineralization
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_________ ________ __________ is essential for calcification/mineralization
collagen fiber framework
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Five functions of bones
1. Protections of vital structures: form rigid walls of cavities, like ribs, in thorax
2. Support for body: vertebral column forms structural framework for trunk
3. Mechanical basis for movement: provide attachments for muscles and provides levels for other bones, like transverse and spinous processes on vertebrae
4. Blood cells, red bone marrow in ends of long bones, in sternum and ribs, vertebrae and skull are sites for development of blood cells
5. Mineral storage: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
2. Support for body: vertebral column forms structural framework for trunk
3. Mechanical basis for movement: provide attachments for muscles and provides levels for other bones, like transverse and spinous processes on vertebrae
4. Blood cells, red bone marrow in ends of long bones, in sternum and ribs, vertebrae and skull are sites for development of blood cells
5. Mineral storage: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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Bone is built from
cartilage
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fetal development of bone
start with a hyaline cartilage skeleton
this is slowly ossified because growth hormone acts on the cartilage cells
this is slowly ossified because growth hormone acts on the cartilage cells
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bone growth starts in the ______ and grows _____
center
outward
outward
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in childhood, bones are more _______, and they are easily
fibrous as mineralization takes time
deformed or fractured
deformed or fractured
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in adulthood, bones mineralization is _______ and bones are
well balanced
durable and strong
durable and strong
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in elderly adults, bones ______ ________, _______ increase in likelihood
lose mineralization
fractures
fractures
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diaphysis
growth between 2 parts - shaft of bone
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epiphysis
growth at the end of bone (rounded end)
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bones are being constantly
remodeled
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remodeling of bones can result in
trabeculae or compact bone changes
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the remodeling of bones is always based on
weight bearing stress
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lack of weight bearing stress on bones leads to
atrophy
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increase in weight bearing can lead to
bone growth (widening)
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two bone classification systems based on location
Axial and Appendicular
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Axial skeleton
Skull
vertebral column
sternum and ribs
vertebral column
sternum and ribs
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appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs
pelvic girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs
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pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
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pelvic girdle
pubis, ilium, ischium fused together to form hip bone or os coxae
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upper limbs
proximal humerus, distal radius and ulna
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lower limbs
proximal femur, distal tibia and fibula
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bone classification system based on shape
long bones
short bones
flat/squamous bones
irregular bones
seasamoid bones
short bones
flat/squamous bones
irregular bones
seasamoid bones
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short bones are found only in the
wrist and ankle (cuboidal)
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flat bones usuall serve a ______ function and are found in the _____ skeleton
protective
axial
axial
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long bones are found in the
appendages
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irregular bones usually have many _______ ________
tendonous attachments
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seasamoid bones develop in
tendons where tendons cross long bones (patella)
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seasamoid bones protect the tendon from
excessive wear
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main property of muscle tissue
contractility - contracts and shorterns
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skeletal muscles are usually rather _____ in relaxed state
long
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skeletal muscle cells attach to
bones
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skeletal muscles are _____ and ______
long
multinucleated
multinucleated
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smooth muscle cells form
sheets within organs and blood vessels
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smooth muscle cells are ____ and contract
shorter
contract together as a unit
contract together as a unit
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cardiac muscle cells are only found within the
heart
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cardiac muscles contract
as a unit
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most muscles work in
agnostic pairs
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extensors
increase joint angles
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flexors
decrease joint angles
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origin
where muscle originates from
less mobile end
less mobile end
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insertion
where muscle attaches to
more mobile end
more mobile end
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motor neuron
a neuron that innervates a muscle
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motor unit
one motor neuron that innervates many muscle fibers
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large motor units in locations with
gross motor control
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small motor units in location with
fine motor control
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skeletal muscle cells develop from
stem cells
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individual stem cells fuse to form
long multinucleated adult muscle cells
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because skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei, adult muscle cells cannot
divide to produce new adult muscle cells
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increases in strength in muscle are due to
expansion of existing adult muscle cells
increase in contractile protein mass within
increase in contractile protein mass within
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repair from injury requires
stem cell division to produce new adult muscle cells
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intrinsic muscles
muscles that are in the region where their action occurs
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extrinsic muscles
muscles found outside the area where their action occurs
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each muscle cell is also called a
muscle fiber
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muscle fibers are arranged in
fasicles
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fasicles are wrapped in
fascia
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fascial ends weave together to form
tendons
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whole muscle between tendons referred to as the
belly
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muscles can be attached to
bone, skin, or other muscles
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tendons of some muscles form flat sheets called ______ which
aponeuroses
connect to other muscles
connect to other muscles
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pennate fibers
fibers flare out from their tendon attachment
each individual fiber has less force than parallel, but more fibers in a confined space creates a larger force
each individual fiber has less force than parallel, but more fibers in a confined space creates a larger force
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parallel fibers
same direction as attachment site
more shortening possible
each individual fiber produces more strength
more shortening possible
each individual fiber produces more strength
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prone
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supine
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cartilage in external ear
elastic
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cartilage in nose
hyaline
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cartilage in intervertebral disc
fibrocartilage
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articular cartilage of a joint
hyaline cartilage
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pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
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meniscus
fibrocartilage
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