1What is histology?
The microscopic study of tissues
2What level of organization does histology focus on?
The tissue level of organization
3What are the four basic types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
4What are germ layers?
Embryonic tissue layers that give rise to all tissues
5What is the endoderm?
The inner germ layer that forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives
6What is the mesoderm?
The middle germ layer that forms muscle, bone, and blood vessels
7What is the ectoderm?
The outer germ layer that forms skin and neuroectoderm
8What is a major characteristic of epithelium?
It consists almost entirely of cells
9What surfaces does epithelium have?
A free surface and a basal surface
10Is epithelium vascular or avascular?
Avascular
11What process allows epithelium to regenerate?
Mitosis
12What is one function of epithelial tissue?
Protecting underlying structures
13What role does epithelium play as a barrier?
It controls the passage of substances
14What is absorption a function of?
Epithelial tissue
15What are the two main classifications of epithelium?
Simple and stratified
16What is pseudostratified epithelium?
Epithelium that appears layered but is a single layer
17What is transitional epithelium?
Epithelium that changes shape when stretched
18What determines epithelial function?
Cell layers, shapes, surfaces, and connections
19What are microvilli?
Cell surface projections that increase surface area
20What is the function of cilia?
To move materials across the cell surface
21What are desmosomes?
Cell connections that bind cells together
22What are tight junctions?
Cell connections that form a permeability barrier
23What are gap junctions?
Cell connections for intercellular communication
24What are exocrine glands?
Glands that secrete through ducts
25What are endocrine glands?
Glands that secrete without ducts
26What is a unicellular exocrine gland?
Goblet cell
27Where are the Goblet Cells located?
Respiratory Passages, Small and Large Intestine
28What are the Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Simple Straight Tubular
Simple Branched Tubular
Simple Coiled Tubular
Simple Acinar
Simple Branched Acinar
Compound Tubular
Compound Acinar
Compound Tubuloacinar
29Glands in stomach and colon
Simple Straight Tubular
30Glands in lower portion of the stomach
Simple Branched Tubular
31Glands in lower portion of the stomach and small intestine
Simple Coiled Tubular
32Sebaceous glands of the skin
Simple Acinar
33Also sebaceous glands of the skin
Simple Branched Acinar
34mucous glands of the duodenum
compound tubular
35Mammary Glands
Compound Acinar
36Pancreas
Compound tubuloacinar
37What type of secretion do sweat glands use?
Merocrine secretion
38What type of secretion do mammary glands use?
Apocrine secretion
39What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?
Holocrine secretion
40What defines connective tissue?
Cells separated by an extracellular matrix
41What is one function of connective tissue?
Supporting and protecting organs
42What connective tissue connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
43What connective tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
44What suffix describes cells that create matrix?
-blasts
45What suffix describes cells that maintain matrix?
-cytes
46What suffix describes cells that break down matrix?
-clasts
47What are mast cells responsible for?
Releasing heparin and histamine
48What are macrophages?
Cells that phagocytize and provide protection
49What are the components of extracellular matrix?
Protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid
50What is collagen?
The most common protein fiber in the body
51What is elastic fiber function?
Returning tissue to original shape
52What are the main categories of connective tissue?
Embryonic, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
53What is loose connective tissue also called?
Areolar tissue
54What is the function of areolar tissue?
Packing and binding tissues
55What characterizes dense regular connective tissue?
Abundant collagen fibers arranged regularly
56Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons and ligaments
57What forms most of the dermis of the skin?
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
58What cells make up adipose tissue?
Adipocytes
59What is the function of adipose tissue?
Energy storage, insulation, and cushioning
60What is reticular tissue?
Framework for lymphatic tissues
61What cells are found in cartilage?
Chondrocytes
62What spaces contain chondrocytes?
Lacunae
63What is the firmest structure next to bone?
Cartilage
64Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Rib cage, trachea, and bronchi
65What cartilage is found in joints under pressure?
Fibrocartilage
66Where is elastic cartilage found?
External ear and epiglottis
67What is bone composed of?
Living cells and mineralized matrix
68What are the two types of bone?
Compact and cancellous (spongy)
69What is unique about blood as connective tissue?
Its matrix is liquid
70Where is hemopoietic tissue found?
Bone marrow
71What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
It contracts to produce movement
72What type of muscle is voluntary and striated?
Skeletal muscle
73What type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
Cardiac muscle
74What type of muscle is involuntary and nonstriated?
Smooth muscle
75Where is nervous tissue found?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
76What is the main function of nervous tissue?
Producing action potentials
77What are neurons?
Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals
78What are the main parts of a neuron?
Dendrites, cell body, and axon
79What are neuroglia?
Support cells of nervous tissue