1What was the 2nd of the 4 major caliphates established after the death of Mohammed
The Umayyad Empire / Ummayad Caliphate
2When was the Umayyad Empire?
661-750 CE
3What was the capitol of the Umayyad Empire?
Damascus
4Where did the Ummayad move from?
The Arabic peninsula eastward to present-day Syria
5What did the administration of the Umayyad consist of?
4 main governmental branches:
- Political affairs
- Military affairs
- Religious administration
- Tax collection
6Who did the caliphs appoint to rule the outlying provinces? Who were they in charge of?
Governers, religious officials, army leaders, police and civil administrators in their provinces
7When was the first congegational mosque in Jarash/Gerasa built? By who?
The Umayyads around 725-750 CE
8Umayyad definition of a mosque, orientation
Change of qibla direction from the north (towards Jerusalem) to the south west (the Ka'bah in Mecca)
10What was the first capitol of Egypt under muslim (Umayyad) rule?
Fustat
11Where were muslim arabs in Egypt restricted to living?
They were not allowed to live in conquered towns but restricted to newly built towns placed at strategic locations
12When was Fustat absorbed by Cairo?
During the period of the Fatimid Dynasty in 10th and 11th centuries
13What has been found on the plateau of Istabl' Antar, south of Cairo?
The southern courters of Fustat during the Umayyad period
14When was the Abbasid Empire / Abbasid Caliphate
710-1258 CE
15How did the Abbasids gain power?
They gained support from other muslims who were not satisfied with/opossed to the caliphs of the Umayyad Empire
16What did the combined forces of the Abbasids and their supporters do in 750?
Succesfully devised a plan to overtrow the Umayyads and kill their leaders
17What was the capitol under Abbasid rule?
Baghdad
18How did the Abbasid plan cities/towns?
- Designed to symbolize Abbasid power
- Based on earlier more oriental looking prototypes
19What was the capitol of the Abbasid caliphate 836-892
Samarra
20Who founded Samarra?
The Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tasim
21How can Samarra be descibed?
Huge with extensive palace complexes surrounded by settlements and barracks
22What buildings can be distinguished at Samarra?
- Mausuleum
- Pavillions
- Racecourses
23By who was Samarra further developed?
Al-Mutawakkil
24What buildings were constructed under al-Mutawakkil?
Lavish palace complexes, the great mosque of Samarra
25The Great Mosque of Samarra
847, largest Abassid courtyard mosque at that time, built of bricks in rectangular shape with a minaret in a spiral shape on a square base
26What was the formal structure of government of the Abassids in their capitol?
- State divided in provinces with governers and military authorities
- Courts for Islamic law
- System of tax colection to pay soldiers and officials
27When did Samarra stop being the capitol? What was the new capitol?
892, Baghdad
28In what present-day country is Samarra?
Irak
29What was a sought after type of pottery for the elites in the Abassid Empire?
- Glazed wares: blue and white (tin glazed)
- Lustre Ware: decorative sheen combines geometric motivs, stylized vegitation and Arabic caligraphy
30Oldest surviving Arabic cookbook
Kitab al-Tabikh (book of recipes)
31Most popular dish in Abassid cuisine?
Rich and complex stew
32What was the first place crusades took place?
Sicily
33What was Sicily used for during the Conquest Wars of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I? (6th c)
As a base to conquer to rest of Italy
34What city in Sicily became a Byzantine capitol in the 7th centyrt
Syracuse
35What Byzantine Emperor decided to move his court to Syracuse in 663 and 668
Constance the 2nd
36When did the Byzantine city of Syracuse fall to Islamic armies coming from North Africa?
878
37What happaned to Syracuse in 878?
The Byzantine city fell to Islamic armies coming from North Africa
38When did the Islamic occupation of Sicily start?
902
39What did the new Islamic rulers bring to Sicily?
- Freedom of religion
- Improved irrigation systems -> agricultural revolution
40What was the new capitol of Sicily under islamic rule?
Palermo
41Noria Pots
Part of large waterwheels for the irrigation of crops
42What did lords in southern Italy do at the end of the 10th century?
Hired traveling Norman mercenaries to protect pilgrims
43What caused to Norman conquest of southern Italy?
The mercenaries hired by lords in southern Italy communicated news back home in Normandy about opportunities in the Mediterranean.
44When was the Norman conquest of southern Italy?
999-1139
45When was Palermo sieged by the Normans?
1091
46What happened after the coronation of Roger II of king of Sicily in 1130?
- Sicily became the centre of Norman power
- Changes in religion, language, population
47How can we distinguish depicted Norman soldiers?
- Horses
- Lances
48What type of buildings were Normans known for?
Motte-and-Bailey castles
49Motte-and-Bailey castles
Wooden towers built on an artificial mount (motte), walled courtyard of bailey, surrounded by a ditch and wooden wall
50What did the Norman expansion in 11th and 12th centuries include?
Great-Britain, Southern Italy, Sicily
Direction of: North Africa, Near East
51Reasons for Norman conquest
- Economic attraction of Medieval 'El Dorado' in south
- Insufficien territoy for knights in Normandy (Western Europe)
- Adiminstrative reorganisation
- Mobility and increase of population in the Middle Ages
52When did Cyprus become a target of the crusaders?
12th century
53When was the island of Cyprus captured by king Richard of England?
1191
54When did the Lusignan dynasty rule Cyprus?
1192-1489
55Why did Cyprus abdicate to the Republic of Venice in 1489?
Imminant threat from approaching Ottoman armies
56What happened after the abdication of Cyprus to Venice?
Venice started to build huge fortifications on the island
57When was Cyprus conquered by Ottoman troops?
1571
58What did the crusaders export to Europe from Cyprus?
Bananas, spices, sugar
59Largesy sugar cane plantations on Cyprus
- Kolossi
- Episkopi
- Kouklia
60What city was located within the territories of the major battlefields of the crusades
Acre
61What kingdom was Acre the last remaining possesion of before being destroyed by Mamluk armies
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
62By what armies was Acre destroyed?
Mamluk
63What was Acre the capitol of? Why did it become the capitol?
The 2nd kingdom of Jerusalem/The kingdom of Acre, because of the loss of the former capitol of Jerusalem
64When did Acre fall to the Mamluks
1291
65Who where the Mamluks?
Military slaves, professional warriors, accomplished horseriders, from Egypt who used new military techniques
66What notable cities did the Mamluks capture?
Acre, Baghdad, Damascus, Aleppo
67When did the crusaders lose their last major stronghold of the crusador kingdom of Jerusalem
When Acre fell to the Mamluks in 1291