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WA3.1 Week 1: Intro1-2+byzantium1-3

65 flashcardsby Lisa
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1
By who was the idea of a darkness of preceding centuries introduced?
The humanist and poet Francesco Petrarca
2
What approach to look at different temporal aspects of historical processes was introduced by French historian Fernand Braudel
3 scales of history
- History of singular events
- History of structures
- History of long term
3
How much time spans the history of long term according to Fernand Braudel?
millennia
4
How much time spans the history of structures according to Fernand Braudel?
200 to 300 years
5
How much time spans the history singular events or happenings according to Fernand Braudel?
Maximum of 25 years
6
What did the historian Jacques Le Goff suggest
Dividing history into periods is never a neutral or innocent act
7
General major processes of the Middle Ages in Eurasia
- Decentralisation/ regionalisation
- Christianisation/ Islamisation
- From the Mediterranean to the North
- Commercialisation of exchange & development market economy
- Urbanisation
- Social differentiation
- Transformation of the rural world
8
How can the economy of the Byzantine empire be described?
Very state controlled
9
Byzantine golden coins
Solidus
10
Frankish silver coin
Denarius or denier
11
When did the Denarius, Frankish silver coin, spread troughout Europe?
700 - 1000 AD
12
What period in particular is known for the archaeological evidence of global exchange systems in the 6th century?
Merovingian
13
How did the Byzantnes identify themselves?
Romios
14
Where does Byzantium derive from
Byzantion, the ancient Greek colony before Constantinople
15
Early Byzantine period
4th/7th - 9th c
16
Middle Byzantine period
10th - late 12th/early 13th c
17
Late Byzantine period
13th - 15th c
18
When did Byzantium fall to the Ottoman Turks?
1453
19
Tetrarchy
Divided the Roman Empire into 4 parts with 2 Augusti and 2 Ceasars in the western and eastern empires
20
By who was the tetrarchy created?
The Roman Emperor Diocletian
21
When was the tetrarchy instuted?
293
22
What did the tetrarchy mark the end of?
The Crisis of the 3rd Century
23
Who further developed the Eastern Roman Empire, reigning 306-337
Emperor Constantine the Great
24
What ended the tetrarchy?
The battle at the Milvian bridge in 312
25
When did the tetrarchy end?
312
26
Who became the sole ruler after the tetrarchy?
Emperor Constantine the Great
27
What did emperor Constantine the Greta do during his reign?
- First Roman emperor to convert into christianity
- The architect of the eatsern roman empire
- Founder of a new and rebuilt Constantinople
- Created the golden solidus
28
What emperor created the golden solidus?
Emperor Constantine the Great
29
Who was the religious leader of the new christian state religion?
The emperor
30
How long did the Byzantine Empire exist?
11 centuries
31
In what ways were Byzantine cities and towns different from the west during Late Antiquity?
- Larger population of wide variety
- Less geopolitical fragmentation/decentralisation
- More interregional contact and continuitiy of mass-production
- 'Roman system' survived (fiscally, administratively, juristically, economically etc.)
32
Under what emperor was the Byzantine Empire the largest?
Justinian I
33
Who constructed the Aghia Sophia church (and basilica cistern) as part of ambitious and large-scale building program in his Empire?
Emperor Justinian I
34
Who was resonsible for the rewriting of Roman law and created a law bound empire?
Emperor Justinian I
35
When did Emperor Justinian I rule?
527-565
36
Who was the last Byantine emperor using Latin?
Emperor Justinian I
37
What emperor was sanctified, but closed the philosofical schools in Athens?
Emperor Justinian I
38
Wars of Reconquest
Commitment by Emperor Justinian I to conquering large parts of the western Roman Empire
39
What was the result of the Wars of Reconquest?
It left the Byzantine Empire in financial difficulties and it extended frontiers, vulnerable for invading armies
40
During what period did the Byzantine Empire expand again after the Wars of Reconquest?
The Macedonian dynsty
41
When did Constantinople become the largest and wealthiest city in Europe?
12th century
42
When did the revival of the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Byzantine period come to an end?
With the loss of much of Asia minor to the Seljuk Turks in the battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the star of the First Crusade in 1095
43
Who battles against the Byzantine Empire in the battle of Manzikert in 1071?
The Seljuk Turks
44
What was the battle of the Seljuk Turks against the Byzantine Empire in 1071 called?
The Battle of Manzikert
45
When was the First Crusade?
1095
46
What did the battle of Manzikert in 1071 result in?
It opened up the way for the Seljuk Turks to settle in present day Turkey
47
What happened during the 4th crusade?
The Byzantien Empire was delivered a mortal blow, Constantinople was sacked and territories that the Empire formerly governed were divided by the crusaders, creating Latin/Frankish stated
48
What happened in 1204
The sack of Constantinople
49
What happened in 1453
The Ottoman capture of Constantinople -> final downfall of Byzantium
50
What is the Cathedral of holy wisdom also called?
The Aghia Sophia
51
When was the Aghia Sophia finished?
537
52
What was considered the second most important city in the Byzantine Empire?
Thessaloniki
53
When was Thessaloniki founded?
315 BC
54
What city did Paul the Apostle visit in the 2nd century AD
Thessaloniki
55
Who is the patron saint of Thessaloniki?
St. Dimitrius
56
On what important Roman road was Thessaloniki located?
Via Egnatia
57
What was the last capitol of the Byzantine Empire in approx the 14th-15th centuries?
Mystras
58
How can Mystras be described
A non-planned, fortified, town on a hill. Typical late Medieval town
59
When did the vikings suddenly burst from the north into European history
9th century
60
When was the period of viking activity?
789-1100
61
The Varangian Guard
An elite unity of the byzantine army from the 10th - 14th centuries whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine Emperors
62
Who was the Varangian Guard composed of?
Nomadic peoples usch as vikings and norsemen
63
What were norsemen descended from Sweden living in now-Ukraine/Belarus called?
The Russ
64
Who were the earliest member of the Varangian Guard?
The Russ
65
What does the word viking mean?
Plundering
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