Midterm Study Guide SOC

What term refers to the systematic study of society and human behavior?

What term refers to the concept of seeing patterns in social behavior beyond individual cases?

What concept, originating from C. Wright Mills, refers to the process of connecting personal troubles to public issues?

What concept, coined by Berger, means to find broad social patterns within individual actions?

Who coined the term sociology, also promoted positivism?

Who studied suicide, showing how social integration affects behavior?

Who claimed that society is driven by class conflicts between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie?

Who introduced the concept of verstehen, understanding behavior from the perspective of an actor?

What term refers to a large, rational organization designed for efficiency with clear rules and hierarchy, but can trap people in an “iron cage” of routine and impersonality?

Who compared society to a living organism?

Which theoretical perspective states that society works as interdependent parts that work together?

What kind of functions are intended in their outcomes?

What kind of functions are unintended in their outcomes?

Which theoretical perspective sees society as a competition for resources and power, focusing on inequality?

What theoretical perspective focuses on everyday interactions and meanings, symbols?

What theoretical perspective sees life as a theater, with both stages reflecting different parts of ourselves?

Reliability means? (results are the same when repeated)?

Validity means? (measure reflects what it intends to study)

What type of research collects data from large groups, usually quantitative?

What type of research method is open-ended, in-depth, qualitative?

What type of research method is immersive?

What type of research method is controlled, tests cause-and-effect?

What type of research method is efficient, using existing sources?

What report, published in 1979, outlined three principles of ethical research?

What term refers to the shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects?

What kind of culture is physical?

What kind of culture is ideal-based, with values and beliefs?

What term refers to the sets of rules that guide behavior?

Another word to describe everyday customs is?

Another word to describe morally signifcant norms is?

Another word to describe strongly prohibited behaviors?

Another word to describe formally written norms enforced by authorities?

What term refers to the rewards or punishments given out to enforce norms?

What kinds of sanctions give rewards for following norms?

What kinds of sanctions give punishments for violating norms?

What kinds of sanctions give official rewards/punishments from authorities for following/violating norms?

What kinds of sanctions result from unofficial reactions, things with no physical repercussion?

What term refers to the standards of desirability?

What term refers to the ideas people hold to be true?

What term refers to a distinct group within a society?

What group rejects the dominant culture?

What concept refers to the act of judging another culture by the standards of your own?

What concept refers to the act of evaluating a culture using its standards?

What hypothesis states that language shapes reality?

What term refers to the concept that material culture changes faster than norms/values?

What term refers to the lifelong process of learning culture?

Which agent of socialization shapes values, beliefs, and is your first identity?

Which agent of socialization teaches academics, discipline, conformity, and competition?

Which agent of socialization influenced lifestyle, identity, and independence from family?

Which agent of socialization shapes views of culture, stereotypes and norms on a massive scale?

Who claimed that humans act with three different principles in mind, the id (basic drives), the ego (balance), and the superego (conscience)?

Who coined the term Looking-Glass Self, referring to how the self is formed through how others see us?

Within Mead’s Theory of Socialization, which self is unpredictable, spontaneous, acts on impulse?

Within Mead’s Theory of Socialization, which self is socialized, considers rules and norms before acting?

Which child psychologist believed there are 4 stages of cognitive development? (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and post operational)

Which psychologist theorized 8 stages of psychosocial development?

What term refers to the process of learning new norms or roles?

What term refers to a controlled environment with complete regulation of life?

What concept refers to one’s behavior, behavior that violates norms?

What term refers to a violation of the law?

What kind of crime involves force or threat of force?

What kind of crime involves theft or destruction of property?

What kind of crime harms the self?

What report shows official data collected by the FBI from police reports, reflecting reported crimes? (UCR)

What survey shows data of households, capturing crimes that may not have been reported to the police? (NCVS)

What term refers to the act of regulating behavior through sanctions?

Witin Durkheim’s Functions of Deviance, which principle states that deviance reminds society of its rules?

Witin Durkheim’s Functions of Deviance, which principle states that deviance defines right vs. wrong?

Witin Durkheim’s Functions of Deviance, which principle states that deviance brings people together against deviance?

Witin Durkheim’s Functions of Deviance, which principle states that deviance inspires reform and social change?

What term refers to a state of normlessness that occurs during periods of rapid social change, where traditional norms break down and people feel disconnected or uncertain about rules?

What theory states that the gap between one’s goals and one’s means to achieve the goals leads to deviance?

Within Merton’s Strain Theory, which concept refers to the acceptance of cultural goals and the approved means?

Within Merton’s Strain Theory, which concept refers to the acceptance of goals, using illegitimate means?

Within Merton’s Strain Theory, which concept refers to the rejection of goals but not the means (rules)?

Within Merton’s Strain Theory, which concept refers to the rejection of both goals and means?

Within Merton’s Strain Theory, which concept refers to the replacement of goals and means with alternatives?

Which theory, proposed by Becker, states that deviance depends on social reaction and labels?

Which theory, proposed by Hirschi, states that strong social bonds reduce deviance?

Which theory, proposed by Sutherland, states that deviance is learned from peers?

Which term, proposed by Goffman, means that discrediting labels alters identity?

What kind of crime is committed by elites in jobs?

What kind of crime incurs harsher punishments?

Which justification of crime shows punishment as deserves justice?

Which justification of crime shows that punishment prevents future crime by the offender/others?

Which justification of crime shows that punishment transforms offenders to prevent reoffending?

Which justification of crime shows that punishment protects society by removing dangerous offenders from it?