BIOS 2610 Exam 1
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1
How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?
23 pairs
2
How many individual chromosomes does a human have?
46
3
genome
DNA in chromosomes
4
genetics
the study of heredity and variation
5
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> protein
6
Have are cells characterized?
by the proteins they make
7
proteome
entire collection of proteins a cell would make
8
karyotype
map of 46 chromosomes
9
gene expression
using a gene sequence to affect characteristics of cells
10
What is the classic definiton of a gene?
further indivisible functional unit of heredity
11
What is the molecular definiton of a gene?
segment of DNA that produces functional macromolecule like protein or functional RNA
12
What is genotype?
combination of all genes
13
What is phenotype?
combination of all observable traits
14
"Who is the scientist that invented the term ""Genetics""? When?"
William Bateson; 1905-1906
15
"Who invented the term ""gene""? When?"
Wilhelm Johannsen; 1909
16
What is a trait?
any characteristic an organism displays
17
What type of trait affects the appearance of an organism? Example?
morphological trait; color of a flower
18
The color of a flower would be what type of trait?
morphological
19
What type of trait affects the function of the organism? Example?
physiological; ability to metabolize sugar
20
What type of trait affects the ways an organism responds to the environment? Example?
behavioral traits; mating calls of bird species
21
What is a morphological trait?
affects appearance, form and structure of organism
22
What is a physiological trait?
affect function of organism
23
What is a behavioral trait?
affect ways organism responds to environment
24
At what biological level are genes expressed?
molecular level
25
At what biological level do proteins function?
cellular
26
At what biological level are traits observed?
organism
27
What is the domino affect of genes?
molecular, cellular, organism, population
28
alleles
alternate identities of genes
29
What are the 3 causes of variation?
genen mutation, lost/extra chromosome, segments of chromosome are alltered
30
morphs
morphological differences that makes two members of a population look like different species
31
What field of genetics studies generational and is also called "classic genetics"?
transmission genetics
32
what field of genetcis studies the heritable variation in the population and the role it has in evolution?
population genetics
33
What field of genetics provides a biochemical foundation of hereditary material and processes?
molecular genetics
34
What are the 4 sources of heritable variation?
gene mutations, change chr structure, change chromosome number, epigenetic changes
35
What is a heritable change not affecting the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
epigenetic changes
36
epigenetic changes
how the environment affects genes
37
model organisms
help control for experiments (drosophila, yeast, e. coli)
38
What are the 2 old concepts of inheritance?
blending inheritance, particulate inheritance
39
"When was Mendel's work published?"
1865
40
"Who rediscovered Mendel's laws after they were unnoticed? When?"
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Eric von Tschermak; 1900
41
What are Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Eric von Tschermak known for?
"rediscovering Mendel's work in 1900 after it went unnoticed"
42
"What are some reasons for Mendel's success?"
good model organism, pure-breeding lines, distinguishable traits
43
What is the genotype ratio in F2 for one factor (monohybrid) cross in a diploid organism?
1 TT : 2Tt : 1 tt
44
What is the phenotype ratio in F2 for one factor (monohybrid) cross?
3 T-: 1 tt
45
What does the ratio 3T-:1 tt represent?
phenotypic ratio in F2 for monohybrid cross, with complete dominance in a diploid organism
46
What does the ratio 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt represent?
genotypic ratio in F2 for monohybrid cross
47
homologs
homologous chromosomes (diploid)
48
genetic variation leads to...
evolution
49
loss of function mutation
mutation eliminates function of a gene
50
What is the F2 phenotype ratio for a dihybrid cross assuming complete dominance in a diploid organism?
9:3:3:1
51
What is another name for 1st Law of Mendel?
law of equal segregation
52
What is another name for 2nd Law of Mendel?
law of independent assortment
53
What does 1st Law of Mendel state?
two alleles of one gene segregate into gametes with equal probabilities
54
What does 2nd law of Mendel state?
different genes independently assort their alleles during gamete formation
55
What is the exception to 2nd Law of Mendel?
linked genes
56
what is chi-square formula?
χ2 = ∑(O-E)2/E
57
what does low chi square value indicate?
high probability observed deviation due to chance alone
58
what does high chi square value indicate?
low probability deviations due to random chance alone
59
what are the male sex chromosomes?
XY
60
what are the female sex chromosomes?
XX
61
what are nucleosomes made up of?
histone proteins
62
nucleosomes
makes up chromosomes
63
what is the DNA in a chromatid packed around?
nucleosomes
64
which researchers noted correspondence between behavior of chromosomes and genes?
Boveri and Sutton 1902-1903
65
what meiotic event explains first law of mendel?
segregation of homologous chromosomes (anaphase)
66
what meiotic event explains second law of Mendel?
independent assortment of nonhomologous chromosomes
67
How do chromosomes determine sex in birds and butterflies?
Z-W system
68
in birds and butterflies, which sex is homogametic and which is heterogametic?
male is homogametic; female is heterogametic
69
In humans, which sex is homogametic and which is heterogametic?
male is heterogametic, female is homogametic
70
who introduced fruit fly as model organism? when?
"Thomas Morgan; early 1900's"
71
what is a hemizygote?
diploid organism with only one copy of given gene
72
What is the term for diploid organism having only one copy of the given gene?
hemizygote
73
who introduced the concept of X-Linked inheritance?
"Bridges; he was a student in Thomas Morgan's lab"
74
what is the exception to sex-linked inheritance?
chromosome nondisjunction
75
What life cycle is this?
alternating haploid-diploid life cycle
76
what life cycle is this?
diploid life cycle
77
what life cycle is this?
haploid life cycle
78
in a haploid life cycle, what ploidy is the transient meiocyte?
diploid (2n)
79
Explain haploid life cycle
haploid parents combine into diploid, meiosis, haploid sexual spores -> mitosis
80
Explain alternating haploid-diploid life cycle
diploid parents -> meiosis, haploid gametes that undergo mitosis, then gametes combine into diploid
81
in Neurospera, how many cells does an ascus have? what is a short term for this?
8 cells (4 haploids undergo mitosis); octad
82
Do neurospora have ordered or unordered asci?
ordered
83
at what ploidy can yeast divide mitotically?
both diploid and haploid
84
do yeast have ordered or unordered asci?
unordered
85
what is it called when heterozygote produced phenotype better adapted than both of corresponding homozygotes?
overdominance
86
what are 2 other terms for overdominance?
heterozygote advantage and balanced polymorphism
87
What's an example of overdominance?
sickle celld
88
blood types are an example of what variation of allelic interactions?
codominance
89
according to complementation example in class, what color does a CCpp flower have? What about a CcPp flower?
white; violet
90
What is the ratio for a complementation test?
9:7
91
Why is a complementation test done?
to test whether the genes are on different genes or not
92
Mendel's particulate theory of inheritance
traits are inherited via genes
93
Who is known for studying patients with alkaptonuria who proposed heritable disease is associated with defective enzyme? What year?
Archibald Carrod; 1902
94
Which researchers developed the concept of genetic dysfunction linked to protein further, and generalized it using Neurospora as model organism? What year?
George Beadle and Edward Tatum; 1940s
95
"Which researchers are famous for the ""One Gene, One Enzyme, One Reaction"" concept?"
George Beadle and Edward Tatum, 1940s
96
What is the algorithm to determine which enzymes in biosynthetic pathway catalyzes which reaction?
for each mutant, count how many compounds rescue it. highest counts catalyze beginning reactions, lowest counts catalyze reactions closer to end
97
conjugation
when bacteria connect to each other and transfer genes
98
transduction
where bacteriophage inserts new dna into bacteria
99
transformation
where bacteria picks up dna from outside
100
Who discovered conjugation in E. coli?
Lederberg and Tatum
101
when genes are further apart, there is a ___ chance of crossing over
higher
102
When genes are closer together, there is a higher that they are ___
linked
103
testcross
mating between hetero and homo recessive