BIOS 2610 Exam 2

heritable change in gene or chromosome

change in structure of chromosome, change in number of chrmoosomes, change in DNA sequence of non-coding material, change in DNA of coding material

mutation in one nucleotide

change in number or structure of chromosme

monoploidy and triploidy

genes make up chromosomes

miscarriage, still born, abnormal fetus

failure of the homologous chromosomes to seperate in meiosis

chromosomes from the same species have double the number

each half of chromosomes come from different species

full set of chromosomes from two different species

usually seedless

larger

all DNA in a cell

part of chromosome is deleted

piece at the end of chromosome breaks off

piece in the middle of the chromosome breaks off

part of chromosome is duplicated

a section of the chromosome is flipped around

a section from a chromsome is transferred to another

both chromosomes give a section to the other

includes a centromere

does not include a centromere

homologous genes

genes for rRNA, histone proteins, play a role in gene regulation, and transposable elements

segments of DNA that can move within a genome

shorter than moderate, short transposable elements, simple non-coding repetitive sequences

Ac, code for transposase, an enzyme that promotes jumping

Ds, do not code, but can be moved by transposase

conservative = transposon is cut off and moved to another area; replicative = transposon is replicated and 2 in diff areas

codes fro RNA that makes another retrotransposon in different area; always generates repeats

contains genes needs fro transposition

can move between cells and organisms in RNA

like retorvirus, but cant move between cells

does not show homology to retroviruses and cant move between cells

does not show because still produces the same codon

adds a nucleotide

deletes a nucleotide

subs a nucelotide for another

pur to pur and pyr to pyr

pur to pyr

changes wild to mutant

changes mutant allele to wild allelle

changes a single mucleotide

moves the codons

mutation that changes one animo acid

mutation that causes an early stop

mask the phenotypic effects of another mutation

intragenic and extragenic

the mutation masks a mutation in the same gene

the mutation masks a mutation in another gene

causes incomplete nonfunctional polypeptide

causes addition ofamno acid at stop codon allowing the production of full length polypeptide

mutation that happens after the gametes fuse and there's a body

mutation that happens in the gametes before they fuse

none

1/2

chemical or physical agents that cause mutations

UV light, radiation, x-rays

nitrous acid, 5-bromouracil

G has a chance of pairing with 5-b in replication, so that in the second replication, G binds with C where it could've been AT

test mutagenic compounds by mixing it with rat's liver and plating it on His to see if grow (mutagen)

Direct repair, base excision repair, nucleotide/mismatch excision repair, homologous recombination, and nonhomologous joining

enzyme recognizes incorrect alteration of DNA and corrects it

abnormal nucleotide is removed and gap is repaired using a complementary strnd

incorrect nucleotide, is removed and gap is repaired using complementary strand

both strads break and thne make holliday junction which transfers DNA between strands

copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins; the role of regulatory proteins is to influence the rate of transcription. Regulatory sequences can be found in a variety of locations, DNA

site for RNA poly to attach

found between -35 and -10 with pribnow box

TATAAT

ends transcription

3-nucleotide sequences within the mRNA that specify particular amino acids. The sequence of codons within mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids. mRNA

Site for ribosome binding, translation begins near this site in the mRNA. In eukaryotes, the ribosome scans the mRNA for a start codon. mRNA

template strand

non-template strand

Recognize promoter and regulatory sequences to control transcription

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid. Like GGG< GGC, CGA specify glycine

made up of core enzyme and sigma factor

43 NUCLEOTIDES per second

RNA Pol I, II, III

transcribes all rRNA genes except 5S rRNA

trasncribes all protein encoding/structural genes

transcribes all 5S RNA genes, tRNA, microRNA

where eukary RNA poly attaches

level of gene expression varies under different condition

house keeping genes are are constantly expressed

proteins (activator and inhibitor) that affect the rate of transcription

inhibit transcription

increase transcription

repressor regulation

activator regulation

bind to regulatory proteins

inducible; small effect mole that binds to activator/a repressor to make them bind/not bind to DNA; TRANSCRIPTION ON

repressible; small effector mole that bind to repressor and make them bind to DNA

repressible; small effector mole that bind to activator and prevent bind to DNA

particular enzyme appears only in certain environments

regulatory unit consisting of a few structural genes under the control of one promoter; encodes polycistronic mRNA; contains promoter, terminator, structural genes, operator

binds the catabolite activator protein (CAP) that acts as a promoter

after transcribing polyadenylation signal sequence, RNA poly II destabilizes

exonulcelase binds to 5' end being transcribed and degrades it

prokary uses glucose first, and blocks lac operon because no cyclic AMP to attach to CAP and make it attach ot CAP site

chromatin is tightly packed and transcription hard

chromatin accessible to transcription

adding antibodies to identify specific histones

segments of DNA that insulate a gene from the regulatory effects of other genes

silences gene expression