1natural selection
survival of the fittest
2What drives evolution?
natural selection
3evolution
change in the genes of a population over time
4Who is the Father of Evolution?
Darwin
5What are the 4 factors in natural selection?
competition for limited resources, favorable phenotypes, evolutionary fitness, ecosystem stability
6adaptation
a trait that gives an advantage in a certain environment
7What are favorable phenotypes affected by?
mutations that cause variation
8evolutionary fitness
ability to survive and produce fertile offspring
9reproductive success
rate of production of offspring
10heritability
ease of passing on a adaptation to future generations
11in what kind of ecosystem are organisms least likely to evolve in?
stable environments
12genetic variation
geno and pheno difference between individuals in a population
13selective pressure
biotic and abiotic factors that influence survivability
14What are some examples of selective pressure?
disease, drought, volcanic eruption
15As environment changes, what changes?
fitness
16artificial selection
human breeding for desirable traits by manipulating who mates with who
17convergent evolution
similar environmental conditions lead to similar adaptations in different species over time
18analogous structures
similar structures in distantly related or unrelated species
19What is an example of analogous structures?
whales and seals have blubber to keep warm because they live in cold places
20genetic drift
random change in the frequency of a particular allele within a population || notes:nonselective and generally occurs
21bottleneck event
large population is suddenly decreased to a small one (usually due to catastrophic event)
22founder effect
a part of the og population gets separated and starts their own 'colony' with reduced genetic variation
23migration/ gene flow
movement of individuals between two populations, causing the exchange of alleles between populations
24How does continued migration affect genetic variation over time?
decreases the genetic variation
25Hardy-Weinburg model
model for describing and predicting allele frequencies in nonevolving populations
26Hard-Weinburg equilibrium
evolution is not occuring
27What are the 5 conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium?
1. no net mutation
2. nonselective breeding
3. no migration
4. large population
5. no natural selection
28How much genetic drift does a large poplulation have?
little
29What does the Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium provide?
a null hypothesis for a population
30What HW equation is used to determine the frequency of a particular allele in a population?
p + q = 1
31What is the 'p' in HW?
dominant alleles
32What is the 'q' in HW?
recessive alleles
33What is the 'pq' in HW?
hetero alleles
34What is the HW equation for determining the geno/pheno frequency of individuals in a population?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
35gene pool
total collection of genes in a population
36microevolution
frequencies of alleles in a population change over many generations
37population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring
38What could HW equations test for?
signs of evolution and estimating what percent of the population has what genetic chance
39Natural selection leads to what kind of evolution over time?
adaptive
40adaptive evolution
evolution through adaptations
41relative fitness
fitness of an individual to survive to adulthood and produce fertile children
42What are the 3 types of natural selection?
directional, disruptive, and stabilizing
43direction selection
conditions favor one extreme of a phenotype
44disruptive selection
conditions favor both extremes of a phenotype but not the middle || notes:the mid does everything but is not good at anything
45balancing selection
group of two types of selection where the gene pool tries to carry unfavorable alleles
46What are the two types of balancing selection?
heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection
47What is an example of heterozygote advantage?
sickle cell disease
48heterozygote advantage
type of balancing selection where hetero at a certain lcoi have a better fitness than homo
49stabilizing selection
conditions favor the mid phenotype instead of the extremes
50frequency-dependent selection
fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
51What is an example of frequency-dependent selection?
zebras' black and white coat
52sexual selection
individuals with certain traits are more likely to get a mate
53What does sexual selection result in?
sexual dimorphism
54sexual dimorphism
secondary sex characteristics to identify male and female
55intrasexual selection
cock fights
56intersexual selection
female choosing a male
57What are the 4 reasons why natural selection can't create perfect organisms?
it only acts on existing variations, limited by historical constraints, adaptations are usually compromises, and influenced by chance and environment