bUnit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

change in the geno/phenotype due to introduction of new DNA into the cell

viruses that infect bacteria

DNA/RNA encased by a protein capsule

used bateriophages and tracked certain parts to see if protein or DNA had genetic meterial

used rats and injected them with bacteria, proving that DNA alters genes || notes:mixed pathogenic DNA with nonpathogenic bacteria cells and the nonpathogenic cells became pathogenic

DNA base composition varies between species || notes:A:T and G:C

A and G (pure gold)

T and C

Watson and Crick

the strands of the parent model seperate and replicate their own half

parent strand remains together and is the template for seperate daugther strand

the new replicated DNA is a mismatch of the parent and daugther strands

unwinds DNA and reduces stress on parent strand

unzips the DNA

region where parent strands are seperated

bind to the separated parent strands to prevent them from sticking back to each other

creates the primer based off of the DNA

RNA strand that serves as a starting point for DNA polymerase to attach

creates new DNA strand and replaces the RNA primer with DNA

elongates continuously towards the replication fork

elongates in sections with Okazaki fragments away from the replication fork

'fuses' the new and old strand together

5' --> 3', to the 3' end

DNA polymerase

permanent change to DNA

nuclease cuts away the damaged DNA, DNA polymerase replaces them with new DNA, and DNA ligase glues everything together

enzyme that cuts away damaged DNA

creating RNA based off of DNA

no

messenger RNA

(eukaryotes) mRNA with introns

translating mRNA to make protein

ribosome

prokaryote

cytoplasm

nucleus

pre-mRNA

direction flow of genetic info || notes:DNA => RNA => protein

3 nucleotides that code amino acids

mRNA triplet code

opposite mRNA triplet code, tRNA codon

table that shows that triplets of RNA nucleotides code for what amino acid

opens DNA and makes RNA strand based off of DNA template strand

DNA that indicates the starting point for transcription

length of DNA that is transcribed

proteins that aids RNA polymerase attachment

transcription units + promoter + RNA polymerase

pre-mRNA

3' --> 5'

changing pre-mRNA into mRNA

introns are removes, methyl cap is added to 5' end, poly-A tail is added to 3'

act as a buffer for the mRNA as it travels to the ribosome

eukaryote

non-coding RNA

coding RNA

removes introns from pre-mRNA and joins the exons together

transfer RNA, translates mRNA codons into proteins

the top

What are the 3 sites for translation in the ribosome?

principal, first

attachment, where tRNA holds the polypeptide chain

exit

ribosomal RNA, basically the ribosome

Protein synthesis

2

1

hydrogen bonds between one ring (pyrimidine) and two rings (purine)