Exam 8 Study Guide

Non-target species that is unintentionally caught during fishing

When fishing gear is lost or abandoned at sea and continues to catch animals as it drifts within the water, even after it becomes snagged on the ocean floor

Complete disappearance of a species

Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Efforts by customers to make intentional purchases that have minimal to no negative impact on animals, humans, or the environment

The maximum number of fish that can be caught in one day

A fishery management system that allocates a specific percentage of a fishery’s total catch to individuals

Federally designated area within United States waters that protects areas of the marine environment

Many places are now outlawing trawling, explosives, and cyanide fishing to prevent bycatch and environmental problems

The study of fish

Protect the fish; you can also determine their age and is the covering of the fish

Top of the fish (including dorsal fin); reduces rolling and stabilizes the fish

Bottom of the fish (including pelvic and anus fin); reduces rolling and stabilizes the fish

Paired fins on the sides of fish that aid in turning

Located on the underside of fish, helps with stability and maneuvering

Front of the fish (including mouth, gills)

Back of the fish (including caudal fin)

Propels the fish forward with side-to-side movement; tail

Protects the gills and aids in breathing

Sensory system along the sides of fish that detects water movement and pressure changes

A different color on top and bottom to blend in their environment

The skin made up of tiny teeth-like structures (found on sharks)

Sense of smell detecting chemicals in fish (used for food and spawning)

Receives blood into the heart

Sends deoxygenated blood to the gills; one of two heart chambers

How fish breathe underwater; extract oxygen from water

An organ that controls buoyancy and helps fish stay at the same depth of water while sleeping

Located near the gills; pumps blood through the fish’s body

Large organ in fish that aids in digestion and stores nutrients

Organ that digests food

Absorbs nutrients from digested food

Stores bile which helps digest fats

Tube that connects mouth to stomach

Organs responsible for creating eggs or sperm

Main nervous system pathway in fish

Jawless fish (lampreys, hagfish), Cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays), and Bony fish (salmon, etc.)

Scales, gills, fins, and swim bladder, some have slime coating, cold-blooded

Cold-blooded; body temperature regulated by external environment

Warm-blooded; able to regulate own body temperature internally

Baby fish

Part of the body similar to a part of the body in a different organism (feels like and purpose)

Sharks: torpedo-shaped, mouth located on the front; Rays: flat and wide body, mouth and gills located on the bottom

A ray-shaped mouth located on the bottom including mouthparts

Both have gills, live in water, cartilaginous skeleton, fins, and are cold-blooded

You can identify a ray’s gender by if they have claspers, which males only have

The parental care for sharks and rays is low. Only giving birth. When giving birth, it’s internal reproduction. Some sharks have sacs where the embryos hatch called mermaid’s purses.

Rays: Bottom feeders (crustaceans, etc.), filter feeders; Sharks: Carnivorous diet (fish, mammals, etc.)

Natural, produces in wild, 3 lbs farm salmon = 1 lb wild salmon, beneficial

Artificial, the product in farms, eat 3× regular salmon amount, avoid diseases

Fish farms, catch only fish that are legal, variety of fish, catch fish in large populations

The water goes through the gills, and gills take the oxygen and put it in the blood cells and pump it into the veins

Salmon

You can tell the age by looking at the rings. Counting the winter and summer growth you can calculate the growth.

Bony fish (Osteichthyes) are fish with skeletons made of bone rather than cartilage. They make up about 95% of modern fish species.

Bony fish have a hard, calcified skeleton, rigid gill covers (opercula), a swim bladder for buoyancy control, and thin, flexible scales.

Examples of bony fish include salmon, tuna, bass, trout, cod, goldfish, angelfish, swordfish, clownfish, and seahorses.

Jawless fish (Agnatha) are primitive vertebrates that lack jaws, paired fins, and scales.

Jawless fish have a round, sucker-like mouth, a cartilaginous skeleton, no paired fins, and a notochord that remains throughout life.

Examples of jawless fish include lampreys, hagfish, slime hags, and ostracoderms (extinct).

Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone.

Cartilaginous fish have multiple gill slits, placoid (tooth-like) scales, no swim bladder, and use internal fertilization.

Examples of cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays, skates, sawfish, and chimaeras (ghost sharks).

A fish’s age can be determined by examining growth rings on scales, otoliths (ear stones), fin ray cross-sections, vertebrae, or by estimating size and weight.

Otoliths are calcium carbonate structures in a fish’s inner ear that develop annual growth rings, helping scientists determine a fish’s age.

Fish scales develop annual growth rings, similar to tree rings, which can be counted to estimate age.

A fish’s color helps it blend into its environment, warn predators, or attract mates.

Countershading is when a fish has a dark top and a light bottom to camouflage it from predators above and below.

Brightly colored fish often live in coral reefs and may be territorial or use color as a warning sign of toxicity.

Fish with sandy or mottled patterns are bottom-dwellers that blend with the seafloor to avoid predators.

Fish with vertical stripes often live among vegetation or coral to help them blend into their surroundings.

Fish with horizontal stripes are usually open-water swimmers that move in schools.

Silvery or reflective fish live in open ocean environments where their coloration helps them blend in with different light conditions.

Red-colored fish are often deep-water species because red light does not penetrate deep water, making them appear black and less visible.

A fish’s body shape can indicate its speed, habitat, and feeding habits.

Fast-swimming predators, like tuna and mackerel, have torpedo-shaped bodies to help them chase prey.

Fish that navigate reefs, like angelfish, have deep, compressed bodies for better maneuverability.

Bottom-feeders, like catfish and flounder, have flat-bottomed bodies to help them stay close to the seafloor.

A large mouth suggests the fish swallows prey whole, like bass and groupers.

A small, upturned mouth suggests the fish feeds near the water’s surface, like flying fish.

A small, downturned mouth suggests the fish grazes on food at the bottom, like carp and suckers.

Long, thin bodies, like those of eels and pike, suggest ambush predators that hide in crevices.

A tube-shaped mouth helps precision feeders pick food from coral or plants, like butterfly fish.

Sharks and rays are fish because they have gills, fins, a lateral line system, and a two-chambered heart, even though they have cartilaginous skeletons instead of bones.

Sharks and rays have cartilaginous skeletons, placoid scales, and no swim bladder, unlike bony fish which have a bony skeleton and a swim bladder.

The lateral line system is a sensory organ in fish that detects pressure changes and vibrations in the water.

Sharks and rays breathe through gills, but unlike bony fish, they have multiple gill slits without protective gill covers.

Sharks use their large, oily liver to help with buoyancy instead of a swim bladder like bony fish.