Tajweed Rules final exam

Izhar Shafawi - Oral Clarity

It is the clear pronunciation of a non-vocalized miim without ghunnah, stopping at the lips.

When a non-vocalized miim (ْم) is followed by any letter except ba or miim.

The miim is pronounced clearly with lips touching, no ghunnah, and the next letter is read separately.

All letters except ba and miim.

It does not apply before ba or miim, and must not be confused with other rules like idghaam or ikhfa, especially before fa and waw.

Because it is pronounced at the lips where the miim sound stops naturally without entering the nose.

Ikhfa Shafawi – Oral Hiding

It is the hiding of a non-vocalized miim when followed by a ba, while keeping the nasal sound (ghunnah).

When a non-vocalized miim is followed by a ba, the miim is hidden and a ghunnah is applied.

The lips close slightly, the miim is not pronounced fully, but a nasal sound (ghunnah) is kept before saying the ba.

The letter ba (ب).

It is only applied between two words, not within the same word, and only with the letter ba.

In Ikhfa Shafawi, the miim is not changed into ba, but hidden; in Iqlab, the noon is changed into ba.

In Surah Al-Adiyat, ayah 11, the miim before ba is hidden with ghunnah.

Idghaam Mithlayn Sagheer – Small Merging of Two Similar Letters

It is the merging of a non-vocalized miim into a vocalized miim that comes directly after it.

When a non-vocalized miim is followed by another miim, the first merges into the second with a ghunnah.

The first miim is merged into the second with full nasalization (ghunnah), and the second miim takes a shaddah.

The letter miim (م) following a non-vocalized miim.

It only applies to miim followed by another miim; not applied to other letters.

In Surah Al-Baqarah, “يُممِّلُون” shows the merging of two miims, with the second taking a shaddah and a ghunnah applied.

Madd Lazim Kalimi Muthaqqal – Heavy Word-Based Mandatory Prolongation

It is a 6-beat extension that occurs within a single word when a madd letter is followed by a letter with a shaddah.

When a madd letter is followed by a shaddah within the same word, the madd must be extended for 6 counts.

The madd is stretched for 6 full beats due to the presence of a hidden sukoon inside the shaddah.

The shaddah contains a sukoon and a vowel, making the sound heavier and requiring full extension.

A madd letter followed by a letter with shaddah.

There are no exceptions; this rule is always applied the same way.

In Surah Al-Mu’min (40:106), the word “الضالّين” has a madd before a shaddah and is extended 6 beats.

Madd Lazim Kalimi Mukhaffaf – Light Word-Based Mandatory Prolongation

It is a 6-beat extension that occurs within a word when a madd letter is followed by a letter with a sukoon but without a shaddah.

When a madd is followed by a non-vocalized letter (sakin) without a shaddah in the same word, the madd is extended 6 beats.

The madd is stretched for 6 full beats, but the following letter is pronounced lightly without heaviness.

There is no shaddah following the madd—only a simple sukoon, making the sound lighter than muthaqqal.

A madd letter followed by a sakin letter without a shaddah in the same word.

It is extremely rare and appears in only two identical words in the Qur’an.

In Surah Yunus, verses 51 and 91, the word “آلآنَ” contains a madd followed by a sukoon without a shaddah and is extended 6 beats.

Madd Lazim Harfi Muthaqqal – Heavy Letter-Based Mandatory Prolongation

It is a 6-beat extension that occurs in the opening letters of some surahs when a madd letter is followed by a merging letter with ghunnah.

When a letter from the group “سنقص لكم” is extended and followed by a merged letter with ghunnah, it is stretched for 6 beats.

The letter is extended for 6 beats, and the next letter is merged with ghunnah due to idghaam.

The merging (idghaam) of the following letter with ghunnah creates heaviness and requires full extension.

Letters from “سنقص لكم” followed by a merging letter with ghunnah.

It only occurs in the disconnected letters at the beginning of some surahs where merging with ghunnah happens.

In the beginning of Surah Al-Qalam (نٓ), the letter “ن” is extended 6 beats due to merging with a letter with ghunnah.

Madd Lazim Harfi Mukhaffaf – Light Letter-Based Mandatory Prolongation

It is a 6-beat extension that occurs in the disconnected letters at the beginning of surahs when a madd letter is followed by a non-merging letter.

When a letter from “سنقص لكم” is extended and followed by a letter that does not undergo idghaam, the madd is extended 6 beats.

The letter is extended for 6 beats, but no merging or ghunnah is applied to the following letter.

There is no idghaam (merging) or ghunnah applied to the following letter, making the pronunciation lighter.

Letters from “سنقص لكم” followed by non-merging letters.

Look for a 6-beat extended letter from “سنقص لكم” followed by a letter that is not merged or nasalized.

In the beginning of Surah Yasin (يسٓ), the letter “س” is extended 6 beats without merging, making it Mukhaffaf

The disjointed letters (Al-Huruf Al-Muqattaʿat)

14 letters

29 surahs

نمسكه حق علي صراط

In Surah Al-Fatiha through the phrase “نمسكه حق علي صراط”

The letters in the phrase “سنقص لكم”

No extension

2 beats

6 beats

Whether there is merging with ghunnah (Muthaqqal) or not (Mukhaffaf)

Letters with no Madd Lazim due to being at the end of the word with no merging

Light Madd Lazim (Mukhaffaf) due to no idghaam being applied

Heavy Madd Lazim (Muthaqqal) due to idghaam and ghunnah being applied

Heavy

Light

It depends on the surrounding letters and their harakah

Light

Only in the word “Allah” when the letter before it has a fatha or dammah

When the letter before it has a kasrah

In “ٱللَّهُ”, the Lam is heavy because the letter before it has a sukoon

In “بِٱللَّهِ”, the Lam is light because the letter before it has a kasrah

Alif is never vocalized by itself

It follows the nature of the letter before it

When the letter before it is heavy

When the letter before it is light

It is the merging of two identical letters—same letter repeated, where the first is saakin and the second is vocalized.

Merging of Two Identical Letters

The same letter appears twice, with the first having sukoon and the second having a harakah.

It is the merging of two letters with the same makhraj (articulation point) but different characteristics.

Merging of Two Similar Letters (in exit point)

Examples include ت with د, ط with ت, and ذ with ظ

It is the merging of two letters that are close in either articulation point or characteristics.

Merging of Two Close Letters

Examples include ل with ر, and ق with ك

Sagheer (small), Kabeer (big), and Mutlaq (absolute)

It occurs when the first letter is saakin and the second is vocalized; the first is fully absorbed into the second.

It occurs when both letters are vocalized; both are pronounced with clarity.

It occurs when the first letter has a harakah and the second is saakin; both are pronounced fully.

Kamil is complete merging with a shaddah; Naqis is incomplete, both letters are heard.

In Surah An-Nisa (4:78), “قُلْ مَاتَ” shows two meem letters merging with ghunnah.

In Surah Al-Kafirun (109:4), “وَلَا أَنتُمْ” involves merging of letters with the same makhraj.

In Surah An-Nisa (4:158), the phrase “وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَزِيزًا” has close letters merged.