CLINICAL ASPECTS

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

infecting organisms are usually colon bacteria carried in feces, particularly

Poor toilet habits and ---- are contributing factors.

in which a tube is inserted into the bladder to withdraw urine

infection that involves the kidney and renal pelvis

inflammation of the urethra

specific disorder that follows an immunologic reaction.
It is usually a response to infection in another system, commonly a streptococcal infection of the respiratory tract or a skin infection.

Cause by Glomerulonephritis
disease in which the glomeruli become overly permeable and allow the loss of proteins.

low blood protein

Injury, shock, exposure to toxins, infections, and other renal disorders may cause damage to the nephrons

Renal failure may lead to a need for kidney

Refers to the movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane; it is a method used to eliminate harmful or unnecessary substances from the body when the kidneys are impaired or have been removed

blood is cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid (dialysate) that draws out unwanted substances

fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity. The fluid, along with waste products, is periodically withdrawn and replaced

may be related to infection, irritation, diet, or hormone imbalances that lead to increased calcium in the blood.

shock waves are used to break kidney stones and allow for their passage

the cancer can be seen by viewing the bladder lining with a

removal of the bladder

In this case, the ureters must be vented elsewhere, such as directly to the body surface through the ileum in an ------ or to some other portion of the intestine.

is a simple and widely used method for diagnosing urinary tract disorders.

(a measure of concentration) and pH are recorded; tests are performed for chemical components such as glucose, ketones, and hemoglobin; and the urine is examined microscopically for cells, crystals, and casts.