respiratory system 5

the activity of the respiratory muscles, the diaphragm and external intercostals, is regulated by nerve impulses transmitted from the brain by the _ and _

neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located mainly in the _ and _

medulla oblongata contains two respiratory centers:

contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons that alternately send impulses to control the rhythm of breathing.

integrates sensory information from chemoreceptors and peripheral stretch receptors

helps to smooth the transitions between inhalation and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping, or exercising

have stretch receptors that respond to extreme overinflation by initiating protective reflexes.

in the case of overinflation, the _ send impulses from the stretch receptors to the medulla oblongata

breathing more vigorously and deeply because the brain centers send more impulses to the respiratory muscle, it is called _

non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth

is an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove carbon dioxide

extremely slow or shallow breathing

hypoventilation results in

hyperventilation results in

cessation of breathing

exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema, are major cause of death and disability in the world

difficulty of labored breathing

the mucosa of lower respiratory passageway becomes severly inflamed and produces excessive mucus.

chronic bronchitis patients are sometimes called _

the walls of some alveoli are destroyed, causing the remaining alveol to be enlarged

emphysema sufferers are sometimes called _

aggressive and metastasizes rapidly and widely, so most cases are not diagnosed until they are well advanced

three most types of lung cancer

40% of the cases, originates as solitary nodules in peripheral lung areas and develops from bronchial glands and alveolar cells

25-30% of the cases, arises in the epithelium of the larger bronchi and tends to form masses that hollow out and bleed

20% of the cases, contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in small grapelike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid

infants who were born prematurely or in whom surfactant production is inadequate have _.

causes oversecretion of a thick mucus that clogs the respiratory passages and puts the child at risk for fatal respiratory infections

also known as crib death, apparently healthy infants stop breathing and die in their sleep.

chronic inflammation and hypersensitivity of bronchial passages that respond to irritants such as allergies

the risk of _ increases as we age. it can occur when throat muscles relax, blocking the airway, or when signals to the respiratory muscles are improperly delivered or not delivered at all