clinical aspects part 2

congenital defect that restricts blood flow through that vessel

infection with a specific type of Streptococcus sets up an immune reaction that ultimately damages the heart valves.
Infection begun in “strep throat,”

breakdown in the valves of the veins in combination with a chronic dilatation of these vessels.

A varicose vein in the rectum or anal canal

any inflammation of the veins

blood clot formation

common sites : deep leg veins, causing serious reduction in venous drainage from these areas

defined as an abnormally low amount of haemoglobin in the blood.

result from too few RBCs or from cells that are too small (microcytic) or have too little hemoglobin (hypochromic).

results from bone marrow destruction and affects all blood cells (pancytopenia). It may be caused by drugs, toxins, viruses, radiation, or bone marrow cancer.

result from a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid, B vitamins needed for RBC development. Most commonly, it is caused by a deficiency of iron, needed to make haemoglobin

specific form of B12 deficiency.
results from the lack of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance produced in the stomach that aids in the intestinal absorption of B12.

adequate iron available,
but the iron is not used properly to manufacture hemoglobin. This disorder may be hereditary or acquired, as by exposure to toxins or drugs.

results from blood loss. This may be a sudden loss, as from injury, or loss from chronic internal bleeding, as from the digestive tract in cases of ulcers or cancer.

hereditary disease that appears mostly in Mediterranean populations.

A genetic mutation causes abnormal hemoglobin production and hemolysis (destruction) of red cells.

a mutation alters the haemoglobin molecule so that it precipitates (settles out) when it gives up oxygen, distorting the RBCs into a crescent shape

neoplasm of WBCs.
The rapidly dividing but incompetent white cells accumulate in the tissues, crowding the other blood cells.

originates in the bone marrow and involves mainly the granular leukocytes.

affects B cells and the lymphatic system, causing lymphadenopathy (lymph node disease) and adverse effects on the immune system.

disease of the lymphatic system that may spread to other tissues. It begins with enlarged but painless lymph nodes in the cervical (neck) region and then progresses to other nodes

also a malignant enlargement of lymph nodes but does not show Reed- Sternberg cells

Is acquired by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which attacks certain T cells.

If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by _____, the blood tends to become too alkaline, a condition termed ______.

If too little carbon dioxide is exhaled as a result of _______, the blood tends to become too acidic, a condition termed _____.

caused by many different microorganisms, usually bacteria or viruses. Bacterial agents are most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

pneumonia is caused by many different microorganisms, usually bacteria or viruses. Bacterial agents are most commonly ___

begins in terminal bronchioles that become clogged with exudate and form consolidated (solidified) patches.

an acute disease, involves one or more lobes of the lung.

increased in recent years, along with the increase of AIDS and the appearance of antibiotic resistance in the causative organism

TB is caused by an organism called MTB Mycobacterium tuberculosi

viral respiratory disease associated with chills, fever, headaches, muscular aches, and cold-like symptoms.

attacks result from narrowing of the bronchial tubes.
This constriction, along with edema (swelling) of the bronchial linings, inflammation, and mucus accumulation, results in wheezing, extreme ___ and ___

Chronic irritation and inflammation caused by dust inhalation is termed

is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women.
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in this as well as other types of cancer.

New born occurs in premature infants and is the most common cause of death in this group.
It results from a lack of lung surfactant, which reduces compliance.

also known as shock lung, may result from trauma, allergic reactions, infection, and other causes.

the most common fatal hereditary disease among white children.

affects glandular secretions by altering chloride transport across cell membranes.

also called “crib death,”
the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy infant under one year of age.