section2_quizlet_flashcards

The presence of the __________ gene on the Y chromosome leads to the expression of Testis-Determining Factor (TDF).

In male embryonic development, testosterone stimulates the development of the __________ ducts into internal male reproductive structures.

The enzyme __________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which drives the development of male external genitalia.

The enzyme __________ converts testosterone into estradiol in certain tissues like the brain and adipose tissue.

Spermatogenesis occurs within the __________ tubules of the testes.

__________ cells in the testes form the blood-testis barrier to protect developing germ cells from immune attack.

Sertoli cells secrete __________-inhibiting factor (MIF) during embryonic development to regress female reproductive ducts.

Sertoli cells secrete the hormone __________, which selectively inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Sertoli cells produce Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP) to concentrate __________ within the seminiferous tubules.

Intercellular Leydig cells in the testes synthesize and secrete __________ in response to LH stimulation.

Sperm undergo final maturation and storage in the __________, located on the posterior exterior of each testis.

Erection of the penis is mediated by the autonomic nervous system via the release of __________ oxide, causing vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

The __________ glands and seminal vesicles secrete alkaline fluids rich in fructose to nourish sperm and neutralize vaginal acidity.

Androgens stimulate red blood cell production by increasing the kidney secretion of __________, leading to higher hematocrit in males.

The __________ provides a temperature-controlled environment for the testes, keeping them about 2-3°C cooler than core body temperature.

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in a __________ manner to maintain sensitivity of pituitary gonadotropes.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) directly targets __________ cells in the testes to stimulate testosterone synthesis.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) directly targets __________ cells in the seminiferous tubules to support spermatogenesis.

Elevated plasma testosterone exerts negative feedback on both the hypothalamus (inhibiting GnRH) and the anterior pituitary (inhibiting __________).

The hormone __________ from the anterior pituitary can enhance LH receptor sensitivity in Leydig cells, but excess levels cause reproductive dysfunction.

In the absence of a Y chromosome and SRY gene, the __________ ducts automatically develop into female internal genitalia.

Developing female embryos are protected from brain masculinization by maternal estrogen through binding to alpha-__________ protein.

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte typically occurs in the ampulla region of the __________ tubes.

The inner mucosal lining of the uterus that undergoes monthly shedding and proliferation is the __________.

The female erectile organ homologies to the male penis is the __________, which develops from the genital tubercle.

Primary oocytes remain arrested in __________ of meiosis I from birth until puberty.

Prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and a non-functional first __________ body.

The secondary oocyte arrests in __________ of meiosis II and only completes meiosis if fertilization occurs.

External factors such as severe psychological stress, low body fat percentage, or excessive exercise can cause functional hypothalamic __________.

The first half of the ovarian cycle, characterized by follicle growth driven by FSH, is called the __________ phase.

A sharp rise in plasma __________ produced by the dominant follicle triggers a positive feedback surge of LH.

The mid-cycle surge of __________ Hormone directly triggers ovulation and luteinization of the ruptured follicle.

Following ovulation, the remnants of the ruptured follicle transform into the __________ luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes high amounts of __________, which transforms the endometrium into a glandular, secretory phase.

The uterine phase that coincides with the ovarian luteal phase is called the __________ phase.

If fertilization does not occur, the degeneration of the corpus luteum causes a rapid drop in estrogen and progesterone, triggering __________.

Combination oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy primarily by maintaining steady synthetic steroid levels that suppress the mid-cycle __________ surge.

__________ is defined as the permanent cessation of menstrual cycles due to depletion of functional ovarian follicles.

During menopause, ovarian estrogen secretion declines drastically, causing a reflex __________ in circulating pituitary LH and FSH levels.