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W12: Social Psychology

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1
Scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
Social psychology
2
Process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
Social influence
3
Changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people
Conformity
4
Kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
Groupthink
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Branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the
marketplace, including compliance
Consumer Psychology
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Changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change
Compliance
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Asking for a small commitment and, after gaining
compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
Foot-in-the-door technique
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Asking for a large commitment and being refused, and then
asking for a smaller commitment
Door-in-the-face technique
9
Assumption that if someone does something for a person,
that person should do something for the other in return
Norm of reciprocity
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Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost
of that commitment
That’s-not-all techniqu
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Sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then
adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a
decision
Lowball technique
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Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure
Obedience
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"Teacher" administered what they thought were real shocks to a "learner."
Milgram study
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Tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion
Group polarization
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Tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task.
Social facilitation
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Tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task.
Social loafing
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Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.
Attitude
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Attitudes are often great predictors of behavior unless the attitude is very specific or very strong. T or F
F (poor predictor)
19
Emotional response or feelings that an individual has toward an
object, person, or situation, such as liking or disliking something
Affective Component
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Actions or observable behaviors that an individual takes in
response to their attitudes, such as approaching or avoiding a particular object or situation.
Behavioral Component
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Beliefs, thoughts, and knowledge that an individual holds about
an object, person, or situation, influencing how they perceive and interpret it.
Cognitive Component
22
what are the Formation of Attitudes
 Direct contact with the person, situation, object, or idea.
 Direct instruction from parents or others.
 Interacting with other people who hold a certain attitude.
 Vicarious conditioning - watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations.
23
Process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course
of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation.
Persuasion
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Model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on
the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it, and that the future actions of those who do
elaborate are more predictable than those who do not.
Elaboration likelihood model
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Type of information processing that involves attending to the
content of the message itself.
Central-route processing
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Type of information processing that involves attending to
factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors
Peripheral-route processing
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Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression formation the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person.
Cognitive dissonance
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how do we lessen cognitive dissonance?
Lessened by changing the conflicting behavior, changing the conflicting attitude, or forming a new attitude to justify the behavior.
29
Mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them.
Social cognition
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Forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person
Impression formation
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Very first impression one has about a person tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary.
Primacy effect
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Assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on
characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had
experience in the past.
Social categorization
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Set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category.
Stereotype
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Sets of assumptions about how different types of people,
personality traits, and actions are related to each other.
Implicit personality theory
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Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people which can then become stereotypes.
Schemas
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Process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others
Attribution
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Theory of how people make attributions
Attribution theory
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Cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the
action of others, or some other aspect of the situation.
Situational cause
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Cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality
or character.
Dispositional cause
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Tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors
Fundamental attribution error (actor-observer bias)
41
Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group.
Prejudice
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list the forms of prejudice
Forms of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, and prejudice toward those who are too fat or too thin.
43
Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong.
Discrimination
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Social groups with whom a person identifies; "us."
In-groups
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Social groups with whom a person does not identify; "they."
Out-groups
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Conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination.
Realistic conflict theory
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Tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence.
Scapegoating
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Views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction,
modeling, and other social influences
Social cognitive theory
49
Theory in which the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
Social identity theory
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Part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category.
Social identity
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Comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s selfesteem
Social comparison
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Effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with
their social group has on their behavior.
Stereotype vulnerability
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Tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
54
Contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other.
Equal status contact
55
Educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced to work together to find the solution.
"Jigsaw classroom"
56
Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person.
Interpersonal attraction
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Physical or geographical nearness.
Proximity
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Tendency of people to like other people who like them in return
Reciprocity of liking
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Strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests.
Love
60
Feelings of closeness that one has for another person or the sense of having close emotional ties to another. More on a psychological feeling.
Intimacy
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Physical aspect of love; Not simply a sexual act but also includes hugs, kisses, appreciating the looks of the person, and the list goes on
Passion
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Includes the choice one makes about a relationship, whether to stay and be with the person.
Commitment
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Type of love consisting of intimacy and passion.
Romantic love
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Type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment.
Companionate love
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Type of love consisting of passion and commitment.
Fatuous love
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Type of love consisting of intimacy, passion and commitment
Consummate love
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Behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
Aggression
68
Pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
Social role
69
Socially desirable behavior that benefits others.
Prosocial behavior
70
Prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself.
Altruism
71
Referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases.
Bystander effect
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Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for
actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the
responsibility.
Diffusion of responsibility
73
they found that people who were alone were more
likely to help in an emergency than people who were with others.
Researchers Latané and Darley
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realizing that there is a situation that might be an emergency
noticing
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interpreting cues as signaling for emergency
defining an emergency
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personally assuming the responsibility to act
taking responsibility
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deciding how to help and what skills might be needed
planning a course of action
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actually helping
taking action
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Five Steps in Making a Decision to Help
1. Noticing
2. Defining an emergency
3. Taking responsibility
4. Planning a course of action
5. Taking action
80
why do people join cults?
 People who join cults tend to be under stress, unhappy, unassertive, gullible, dependent,
want to belong, and idealistic.
 Young people are likelier to join cults than are older people.
 Cults use love-bombing, isolation, rituals, and activities to keep the new recruits from
questions and critical thinking.
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