W7: Learning

Any relatively permanent change in
behavior brought about by experience or practice

Any kind of change in the way an organism
behaves

Russian physiologist (person who studies the
workings of the body) who discovered classical
conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

Learning to make a reflex
response to a stimulus other than the original,
natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

naturally occurring stimulus that leads
to an involuntary response.

An involuntary response to a naturally
occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus that becomes able to produce
a learned reflex response by being
paired with the original unconditioned
stimulus.

Conditioned means

neutral stimulus can become a
conditioned stimulus when paired
with an?

Learned reflex response to a
conditioned stimulus

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in
the process of acquiring learning

Tendency to respond to a
stimulus that is only similar to
the original conditioned
stimulus with the conditioned
response.

Tendency to stop making a
generalized response to a
stimulus that is similar to the
original conditioned stimulus
because the similar stimulus
is never paired with the
unconditioned stimulus.

Disappearance or weakening
of a learned response
following the removal or
absence of the unconditioned
stimulus (in classical
conditioning) or the removal
of a reinforcer (in operant
conditioning).

The reappearance of a learned
response after extinction has
occurred.

Occurs when a strong
conditioned stimulus is paired
with a neutral stimulus, causing
the neutral stimulus to become a
second conditioned stimulus

Emotional response that has become classically
conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of
dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an
attractive person

irrational fear responses

Witnessing and adopting the emotional
reaction of another person when they
encounter the same stimulus.

Development of a nausea or aversive
response to a particular taste because
that taste was followed by a nausea
reaction, occurring after only one
association.

Child learning fear of fireworks by
seeing their sibling’s reaction. This is an example of?

Tendency of animals to learn
certain associations, such as
taste and nausea, with only one or
few pairings due to the survival
value of the learning

Original theory in which Pavlov
stated that classical conditioning
occurred because the conditioned
stimulus became a substitute for the
unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Modern theory in which classical
conditioning is seen to occur
because the conditioned stimulus
provides information or an
expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Behaviorist; wanted to study only observable,
measurable behavior.
Gave "operant conditioning" its name

Any behavior that is voluntary.

Learning of voluntary
behavior through the effects of pleasant and
unpleasant consequences to responses

Law stating that if
a response is followed by a pleasurable
consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and
if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it
will tend not to be repeated.

who invented the Law of Effect?

Any reinforcer that is naturally
reinforcing by meeting a basic biological
need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Reinforcement of a response by the
addition or experiencing of a
pleasurable stimulus

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing
after being paired with a primary
reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold
stars.

Reinforcement of a response by the
removal, escape from, or avoidance of
an unpleasant stimulus

Reinforcement of simple
steps in behavior that lead to
a desired, more complex
behavior.

Occurs if the behavior
(response) is not reinforced.

Reoccurrence of a once
extinguished response; Also
happens in operant
conditioning

Tendency for a response that
is reinforced after some, but
not all, correct responses to
be very resistant to
extinction.

Reinforcement of each and
every correct response

Schedule of reinforcement in
which the number of
responses required for
reinforcement is always the
same.

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that
must pass before reinforcement becomes
possible is different for each trial or event.

Reinforcement schedule of
reinforcement in which the
interval of time that must
pass before reinforcement
becomes possible is always
the same

Schedule of reinforcement in
which the number of
responses required for
reinforcement is different for
each trial or event.

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that
response less likely to happen again.

Addition or experiencing of an
unpleasant stimulus

Removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Any stimulus, such as a stop
sign or a doorknob, that
provides the organism with a
cue for making a certain
response in order to obtain
reinforcement.

Reinforcement of simple
steps that leads to a desired
complex behavior

Small steps, one after another
that lead to a particular goal
behavior

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically
controlled patterns.

There are some responses that simply cannot be
trained into an animal regardless of?

Use of operant conditioning techniques
to bring about desired changes in
behavior.

Form of mild punishment by removal in
which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult
is placed in a special area away from the
attention of others

Type of behavior modification in which
desired behavior is rewarded with
tokens

Form of behavior modification that uses
shaping techniques to mold a desired
behavior or response.

Use of feedback about biological
conditions to bring involuntary
responses such as blood pressure
and relaxation under voluntary control

Form of biofeedback using brain-
scanning devices (fMRI) to provide
feedback about brain activity in an
effort to modify behavior.

Focus during the early days of learning

many psychologists
were becoming aware that cognition, could no
longer be ignored at what time?

an early cognitive scientist with his best-known experiments in learning involving the teaching of three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time

discovered and coined the term latent learning

Learning that remains hidden until its
application becomes useful

Sudden perception of relationships
among various parts of a problem, allowing
the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Discovered insight learning

Cannot be gained through trial and error

Tendency to fail to act to
escape from a situation because of a history of
repeated failures in the past

discovered the concept of learned helplessness

Learning new
behavior by watching a model perform that
behavior

Observation that learning can take place
without actual performance of the learned
behavior.

discovered observational learning

what is the experiment that demonstrated the impact of observing an adult model performing aggressive behavior on the later aggressive behavior of children?

what are the four elements of observational learning?