W14: Psychological Disorders

Study of abnormal behavior.

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress,
causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

Social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior.

Emotional distress or emotional pain.

Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses
and everyday demands of life.

The need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which
behavior takes place.

Disorders found only in particular cultures.

Behavior is caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or
genetic systems of the body.

Assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and
urges that are fighting to become conscious.

See abnormal behavior as learned.

See abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical
patterns of thought.

a manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms.

Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety
and fearfulness.

Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source.

Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might
lead to a negative evaluation.

Fear of objects or specific situations or events.

Fear of being in a small, enclosed space.

Fear of heights.

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult
or impossible.

Disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the
person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.

Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of
stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.

Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or
obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior
(compulsion).

Fear of leaving one’s familiar surroundings because one
might have a panic attack in public.

Disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor with
symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event.

Disorder resulting from exposure to a major
stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month.

Disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and
impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more.

point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to come
into conscious, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior.

state that disordered behavior is learned through both positive and negative
reinforcement.

believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational
thought processes.

Tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or
important than they actually are.

Tendency to believe that one’s performance must be perfect
or the result will be a total failure.

Tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending
pattern of defeat and failure.

Tendency to give little or no importance to one’s successes or positive
events and traits.

__ explanations of anxiety disorders include chemical imbalances in the nervous
system, in particular serotonin and GABA systems.

In psychology, an emotional reaction.

Disorders in which mood is severely disturbed.

Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no
external cause.

Having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability.

Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic
episodes.

link depression to learned helplessness.

see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking.

mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine,
and dopamine systems in the brain.

Mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low
levels of sunlight in the winter months.

Condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that
a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.

Condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or
overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.

Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory,
the sense of identity, or some combination.

Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete.

Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and
possible amnesia for personal information.

Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or
more distinct personalities within one body.

Dissociative disorder in which a person feels detached and
disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings.

point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a
defense mechanism against anxiety.

see dissociative disorders as a kind of avoidance
learning.

point to lower-than-normal activity levels in the areas responsible
for body awareness in people with dissociative disorders.

The break away from an ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy.

Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre
behavior, hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in
addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking.

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their
falseness.

Psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one
or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia).

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not
really exist.

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an
absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production.

A lack of emotional responsiveness.

Type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and
thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered.

Type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like
immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking.

Type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of
persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations.

see schizophrenia as resulting from a severe breakdown of the
ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavior.

focus on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the
development of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia.

see schizophrenia as severely irrational thinking.

focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, inflammation
and genetic influences in schizophrenia.

Explanation of disorder that assumes a biological
sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.

Disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive
pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions.

Disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience
and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior.

Maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is
moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

see personality disorders as a set of learned behavior that has
become maladaptive—bad habits learned early on in life. Belief systems of the personality
disordered person are seen as illogical.

look at genetic factors.