W15: Psychological Therapies

Treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively.

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a
psychological professional.

Psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain
insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Psychotherapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or
inappropriate behavior directly.

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is
treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.

Mentally ill people began to be confined to institutions called asylums in the ?

became famous for demanding that the mentally ill be treated with
kindness, personally unlocking the chains of inmates in France.

An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing
of unconscious conflicts.

Actual content of one’s dream.

Symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.

Freudian technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about
anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.

Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either
changing the subject or becoming silent.

In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or
negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.

Newer and more general term for therapies based on
psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.

Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s
statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions. Psychoanalysis today is more
directive.

Therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does
not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks.

Form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple
approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems.

A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in
which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.

Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather
than interpreting those statements.

Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting
atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy.

Ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.

Genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.

Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all
parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned
experiences such as role-playing.

not based in experimental research and work best with
intelligent, highly verbal persons.

Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant
conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes
of such behavior.

The use of learning techniques
to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client
is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.

Replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by
changing the unconditioned stimulus.

Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired
with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.

Behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations, under
carefully controlled conditions, which are related to their anxieties or fears

Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the
person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object
and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.

Controversial form of
therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the
client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a
disturbing memory. Needs more controlled studies.

Learning through the observation and imitation of others.

Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior
in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model.

The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable
consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the
tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or
teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated.

Removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior.

An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that
provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner
or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities.

Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their
thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.

Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is
not based on any evidence.

Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect
of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects.

Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions
based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are
unrelated to the original.

Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a
negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant
positive events (minimization).

Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for
events that are unconnected to the person.

Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients
overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly
challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

3 goals of CBT

Criticized for focusing on the symptoms and not the causes of disordered behavior.

Form of group therapy in which family members meet
together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.

Group composed of people who have similar problems
and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem
solving, and social and emotional support.

more effective than no treatment at all.

From __ to __ percent of people who receive therapy improve, the longer a person stays in therapy the better the improvement, and psychotherapy works as well alone as with drugs.

Therapy style that results from combining elements of several different
therapy techniques.

Relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm,
caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding.

Four barriers to effective psychotherapy that exist when the backgrounds of client and therapist differ are:

Psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet. Also called online, Internet, or Web
therapy or counseling.

Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and
brain.

Use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological
disorders.

Used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions,
hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

Used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.

Used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain
anticonvulsant drugs.

Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety

Form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in
which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric
current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion.

Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological
disorders.

Psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of
the brain to the rear portions are severed.

Psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is
inserted into the anterior cingulated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current.

where magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which uses scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct currents to the brain.

Software generated three-dimensional simulated environment with can be used
in the treatment of PTSD.