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W6: Consciousness

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1
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given
moment.
consciousness
2
State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear,
organized, and the person feels alert.
waking consciousness
3
State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern
of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.
Altered state of consciousness
4
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period
Circadian Rhythm
5
what is the meaning of circa?
about
6
what is the meaning of diem?
day
7
Tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system.
hypothalamus
8
deep within the hypothalamus; the internal clock that tells
people when to wake up and when to fall asleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus
9
the hypothalamus tells the __ to secrete melatonin, which makes a person feel sleepy
pineal gland
10
Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
microsleeps
11
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and
irritability
sleep deprivation
12
Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep
patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
adaptive theory
13
Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical
health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.
restorative theory
14
Allows scientists to see the brain
wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep
and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered
electroencephalograph
15
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
alpha waves
16
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.
theta waves
17
Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
delta waves
18
Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids
and the person is typically experiencing a dream
rapid eye movement
19
Any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
non-REM
20
vivid visual events
hypnagogic images
21
knees, legs, or whole body jerks
hypnic jerk
22
Non-REM | Stage One is called?
light sleep
23
Non-REM | Stage Two is called?
sleep spindle
24
brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two
sleep spindle
25
Non-REM | Stages Three and Four
Delta waves pronounced.
26
this is when 50%+ of waves are delta waves
deep sleep
27
Nearly __ percent of an infant’s sleep is REM, compared to
only about __ percent for a normal, healthy adult.
50, 20
28
If awakened during this, almost always report a dream
paradoxical sleep
29
Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.
REM rebound
30
Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep
somnambulism or sleepwalking
31
who was acquitted after killing his mother-in-law and attempting to kill his father-in-law while sleepwalking, with expert testimony supporting his claim of non-consciousness during the act.
Kenneth Parks (1987)
32
Convicted of murder despite claiming he was sleepwalking when
he stabbed his wife; the jury found his actions too deliberate, as he hid evidence and
returned to the scene.
Scott Falater (1997)
33
Acquitted of murder after a jury accepted that he was sleepwalking when he fatally attacked his wife, with evidence showing a history of sleepwalking episodes
Brian Thomas (2008)
34
Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.
night terrors
35
Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
insomia
36
Disorder in which the
person stops breathing for nearly half
a minute or more.
sleep apnea
37
what device do we use for sleep apnea?
continuous positive airway device
38
Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day
without warning.
narcolepsy
39
sudden loss of muscle tone
cataplexy
40
Wish fulfillment, according to Freud
dream
41
The actual dream itself
manifest content
42

The true, hidden meaning of a dream
latent content
43
Explanation that states that dreams are created by the
higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during
REM sleep periods.
activation synthesis hypothesis
44
Suggests that dreams do not have inherent meaning but are simply byproducts of this
activation
activation synthesis hypothesis
45
Revised version of the activation-synthesis
explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an
influence on the synthesis of dreams
activation-information-mode model (AIM)
46
Suggests that dreams integrate recent experiences and information into the dream
narrative, allowing for problem-solving and emotional processing, thus suggesting that
dreams can have meaningful connections to waking life
activation-information-mode model (AIM)
47
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion
hypnosis
48
Degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject.
hypnoyptic susceptibility
49
what are the 4 elements of hypnosis
1. The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
2. The person is told to relax and feel tired.
3. The hypnotist tells the person to "let go" and accept suggestions easily.
4. The person is told to use vivid imagination.
50
what theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden "observer" remained aware of all that was going on.
hypnosis as disassociation
51
Assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in
an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
52
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
psychoactive drugs
53
More and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect.
tolerance
54
Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and
high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
withdrawal
55
Feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional
or psychological well-being.
psychological dependence
56
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
stimulants
57
Drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than
found in nature
amphetamines
58
Natural drug; produces
euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure
cocaine
59
Active ingredient in tobacco;
harmful effects are now well known, but
many people continue to smoke or chew
tobacco in spite of warnings
nicotine
60
Stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, over-thecounter, and even many drugs.
caffeine
61
Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system
depressants
62
Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
barbituates
63
Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.
benzodiazepines
64
The "date rape" drug
rohypnol
65
The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of
vegetable matter
alcohol
66
Often confused as a stimulant but actually a depressant on CNS
alcohol
67
A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding
to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins
Narcotics
68
Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are
derived.
Opium
69
Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain
morphine
70
Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.
heroin
71
Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that
produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
psychogenic drugs
72
Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
Hallucinogens
73
Powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide
74
Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant,
depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects
PCP
75
Designer drug that can have both stimulant and
hallucinatory effects.
MDMA (ecstacy or X)
76
Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor
stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
stimulatory hallucinogenics
77
Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons
mescaline
78
Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.
psilocybin
79
Mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant.
marijuana
80
Reported to relieve pain in cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic pain from
nerve damage.
o Such use is controversial as cannabis is classified as an illegal drug in some
countries.
marijuana
81
Occur as a person is falling asleep, often involving vivid
images, sounds, or sensations that can feel very real but are not actually present
hypnagogic hallucinations
82
Happen during the transition from sleep to wakefulness,
typically involving similar sensory experiences but occurring as the individual is waking
up.
hypnopompic hallucinations
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