1What is the type of research that is abstract and general, concerned with generating new theory and gaining new knowledge for knowledges sake? Example is theory development
Pure
2What is the type of research that is a manipulation of one variable to see its effect on another variable while controlling for as many other variables as possible and randomly assigning subjects to groups?
experimental
3What are the examples of experimental types of research?
double blind random assignment control groups
response to an intervention
4What type of research is performed in the clinical setting where control over variables is quite difficult?
clinical
5What type of research is designed to answer a practical question to help people do their jobs better?
applied
6What type of research describes a group, situation or an individual to gain knowledge that may be applied to further groups or situations as in case studies or trend analyses?
descriptive
7What are some examples of applied research?
time use studies
evaluation of different types of interventions with same purpose
8What are some examples of descriptive research?
surveys
qualitative research
measurement of characteristics
response to phenomena
9What type of research is performed in lab surroundings that is controlled?
laboratory
10Basic science research is considered to be
laboratory research
11The type of research question that is state to test, not prove, that there are no differences between group A and group B?
null hypothesis
12What type of research questions ask that group A is different from group B?
hypothesis
13Which type of research question as if there is a difference between variables?
research question
14Why type of research question is used in more exploratory or basic studies?
research question
15What does PICO stand for?
population
intervention
comparison
outcome
16What are SMART goals
specific
measurable
achievable
relevant
time specific
17What is the anonym SWOT
strengths
weaknesses
opportunities
threats
18Which part of swat is defined as environmental factors that might influence/contribute to successful outcome
opportunities
19What is defined as delineates clear, specific plans for the work ahead and answers the question "What are we trying to accomplish"
AIM statement
20What is a tool to help organize thinking about what changes will lead to an improvement?
driver diagram
21Driver diagrams include
primary drivers
secondary drivers
change ideas
22What are the high level elements in the driver diagram system?
primary drivers
23What are the more actionable approaches, places, or opportunities within the system?
secondary drivers
24What are the tangible and specific details in a driver diagram?
change ideas
25What should you pair driver diagrams with to maximize impact?
mechanism for learning
26What is involved in the model for improvement?
plan
do
study
act
27What are the steps for evidence based practice?
ask
acquire
appraise
apply
assess
28What is defined as evaluate the efficacy and strength of search results from a particular strategy?
appraise
29What is known as the 12 men who ate contaminated food for 6 months to see if preservativs were toxic to the human body?
the poison squad
30What was the Eugenics and Nazi expirements?
selective breeding
forced sterilization
31Which study looked at how chemicals affect the skin of inmates?
Holmesburg prison study
32What was the national commision for the protection of human subjects in biomedical and behavioral research?
Nuremburg code 1947
33What does the Nuremburg code of 1947 state?
consent should be informed, voluntary and non-coercive
experiments should be useful and necessary
human experiments should be based on animal research
physical and mental suffering should be avoided
death and disability should not be expected
risk should not exceed the humanitarian importance
human subjects should be protected from remote harms
only qualified scientists should conduct research
subjects should be free to end an experiment
scientists should prepare to end experiments
34What are the belmont principles?
autonomy
beneficence
justice
35What is regulated research?
systemic and generalizable
36What is non-regulated research?
systematic investigations
37What are some examples of non-regulated research?
quality improvement
heath surveillance
program evaluation
38What are the IRB exempt studies?
retrospective chart review
survey of adults
secondary research-identifiable health info
39What are the IRB expedited studies?
prospective clinical data
noninvasive measurement
survey of children
40What studies are IRB full review?
greater than minimal risk
radiation
anesthesia
invasive procedures
41How are adverse events tracked?
data safety monitoring plan to track adverse events
continuously monitor
helps determine if changes should be made to the research plan to minimize risks to the participants
42What does UPIRSO stand for?
unaticipated problem involving risks to subjects or others
43What is the criteria for upirso?
unexpected
related or possibly related to the participation in the research
suggests that the reseaerch places participants at a higher risk of harm than was previously known or recognized
44UPIRSO should be reported to
IRB
45If noncompliance is serious or continuing who is notified?
OHRP
46When is noncompliance reported to the FDA?
if it is FDA regulated research
47What is the criteria for IRB approval of non-exempt regulated research?
risks are minimized
risks are reasonable in relation to benefits
selection of subjects is equitable
informed consent must be obtained
informed consent will be documented
adequate plan for monitoring data collected to ensure safety
subject privacy is protected and confidentiality of data is maintained
additional safeguards to protect the rights. an welfare of vulnerable subjects
48What we expect will influence the dependent variable
independent variable
49what happens as a result of the independent variable
the dependent variable
50What affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variable?
confounding variable
51What is the consistency with which a measure is take?
reliability
52What is the usefulness or apropriateness of the data being gathered?
validity
53Researchers beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process?
researchers bias
54Procedures used to select subjects and other factors that influence participation in the study produce a result that is different from. what would have been obtained if all members of the target population were included in the study
selection bias
55Systematic error due to inaccurate measurement or classification of disease exposure or other variables
information bias
56study participants do not remember the information they report accurately or completely
recall bias
57What are the two forms of error?
random
systematic
58Which type of error occurs strictly due to chance and small sample sizes are vulnerable to this form of error
random
59Which type of error is a series of consistent biases affecting a measurment?
systematic
60How can you minimize error?
choose appropriate measurements
use reliabel techniques
employ valid instruments to obtain measurements
61What are the three forms of reliability?
instrument
intrarater
interrater
62Which type of reliability is consistency with which an individual takes measurements?
intrarater
63Which type of reliability is consistency in measurements among individuals taking the measurements?
interrater
64What is the two p rule? What is it used to minimized?
protocol and practice
used to minimize interrater reliability
65What assesses interrater reliability?
kappa-statistic test
66Which type of validity does the particular measurement or method appear to be appropriate?
face
67Which type of validity is considered the weakest form of validity?
face
68Which type of validity is the degree to which the measurement is based on theory?
construct
69Why type of validity is the test borad enough to address the scope of the content?
content
70Which type of validity is an indication of how well the test performs and whether it is useful when judged against a standard?
criterion
71What type of validity assesses whether and how well a test predicts a speficic phenomenon or outcome?
predictive
72What type of validity asks whether the test performs as well as an accepted test?
concurrent
73Internal validity looks at limiting or controlling
factors and events (other than the IV) that may cause changes to the outcome
74External validity looks at limiting or controlling
factors that may affect the generalizability of the conclusions drawn from the study
75What are some threats to internal validity?
history
maturation
attrition
testing
instrumentation
sampling
statistical regression to the mean
76What are the temporal or time based effect
history
maturation
attrition
77What are the measurment effects that threaten internal validity?
testing
instrumentation
sampling
statistical regression to the mean
78What are population related threats to external validity?
subjects accessibility to the study
subject treatment interation
79What are the environmental related threats to external validity?
description of the variables
multiple treatments involving test order
hawthorne effect
rosenthal effect
80what is attrition?
subjects leave a study prematurely
81threats that happen by changes as a result of development
maturation
82What is an effect on the results causes by the subjects knowing that they are participating in an experiment?
hawthorne effect
83What are the results caused by involvement of the investigator in a study?
rosenthal effect
84What are the four types of studies?
descriptive
analytical
prospective
retrospective
85Which type of study is numerical/non-numerical?
descriptive
86Which type of studies are analytical?
experimental
cohort
cross sectional
case control
87What symbol is used to define expiremental treatment or intervention?
x
88What symbol is used to define observation, management or evaluation?
o
89What is the symbol for randamization of a large number of subjects?
R
90OXO is what type of research design?
on group pre-test post test
91X1, OX2, OX3, O
X2, OX3, O X1, O
X3, OX1, OX2, O
counterbalanced
92What is a one-shot case study?
X O
93What are the survey order of operations?
IRB approval
pre-test insturments and procedures
pilot study
develop cover letters
follow up reminders
training for staff conducting the surveys
data entry and data analysis
follow up items
94Survey items should be
short
clear
exact
understandable
answerable
95What is the desired precentage of scores that falls within a certain range of confidence limits?
confidence level
96What is the range of values of a smaple statistic that is likely to contain a population parameter?
confidence interval
97the wider the confidence interval
the higher the confidence level
98What is needed to calculate sample size?
confidence level
confidence interval
population size
99What are the 3 categories for surveys?
population
provider
historical
100What are the 3 categories for surveys?
population
provider
historical
101Which survey can be completely anonymous?
mail
102Which is the least expensive survey method?
internet
103Verbal frequency scale uses what words for response?
always
often
occasionally
infrequently
never
104Subjective reality and multiple truths?
interpretivism
105mixed methodological study is made of
qualitative and quantitative methods
106What is the smallest meaningful piece of content that can stand alone
unit of meaning
107What is unitized and coded data are categorized to form a thematic structure
content analysis
1084 trustworthiness criteria
credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability
109What is a detailed description that has interpretive value?
thick description
110How can you establish dependability?
using different methods
splitting the data
conducting dependability audits
111the auditor, external reviewer or external evaluator can come from
the community or funding agency
112What does the external reviewer do?
verifies the described research steps were actually followed