AS French Revolution

_______: Finance Minister Calonne submits plans for major financial reforms

_______: Calonne is dismissed and financial crisis grows

_______: Estates General meets

_______: National Assembly is announced

_______: Storming of the Bastille

_______: Declaration of the Rights of Man

_______: Civil Constitution of the Clergy

_______: Royal Flight to Varennes

_______: Legislative Assembly meets

_______: Overthrow of the monarchy

_______: Execution of the king

_______: Beginning of The Terror

_______: Fall and death of Maximillien Robespierre

_______: Directory established

_______: Directory overthrown by Napoleon and Consulate established

_______: Civil code published (later to become Code Napoleon)

_______: Napoleon becomes Emperor of France

_______: Napoleon defeated and forced into exile; Bourbon monarchy restored

France in the late 18th century was ruled by _______, an absolute monarch

France in the late 18th century had a population of about _______

The vast majority - _______ of the French population at this time were poor peasants

There were only three good harvests between _______ and _______, this resulted in rural poverty and hunger

Bread usually formed _______ of the average peasant’s diet

Peasant families would typically spend between _______ and _______ of their income on bread

By 1780, the middle class owned around _______ of the land in France

The Roman Catholic church, with over _______ clergy, monks and nuns were a very wealthy organization

Clergy owned _______ of the land across the country and paid no taxes

Clergy controlled most _______ in France and also approved all _______

The Church made a voluntary annual grant of _______ livres to the monarchy instead of paying taxes, still less than _______ of their total income

Aristocracy were _______ of the population but owned _______ of the land

_______ total members in the aristocracy

Benefits of aristocracy: _______, _______, and _______

Louis XVI was crowned in _______

There were _______ local parlements in France and they held the right to block laws made by the king, however the king could exercise a policy called ‘_______’ to override this

Enlightenment thinkers: _______, _______, _______, _______ and _______

Voltaire’s beliefs: _______

Montesquieu’s beliefs: _______

Diderot’s beliefs: authors of an encyclopedia: ‘_______’. _______

Rousseau’s beliefs: _______

Quesnay’s beliefs: _______

France was humiliated in _______ in a major war with Britain and has lost most of its overseas empire such as _______

In _______, France formed an alliance with American colonists who fought for independence from Britain

_______, an admirer of Quesnay, was finance minister when Louis came to power in _______

A-R-J Turgot advised Louis to refrain from any war and claims ‘_______’

Turgot was dismissed in _______

In _______, Jacques Necker was appointed as finance minister

Jacques Necker was finance minister three times: _______, _______, and _______

Jacques Necker funded France’s involvement in American Revolution by _______

In _______, Jacques Necker published an account of the royal finances claiming that they were in good condition, they were not

War with Britain came to an end in _______ and America gained independence

France gained nothing from the war but _______

Charles de Calonne appointed finance minister in _______

In _______, Calonned submitted a series of reforms to fix financial crisis, main three were: _______, _______, _______

Calonne was sacked in _______

Calonne was replaced with _______

King recalls Paris parlement in _______ and totally mismanages it.

When parliament refused to support Louis’ new taxes in _______, he arrested them and imprisoned them in the _______

In _______ there was widespread anger at the king for refusing to engage in civil war in the _______.

In _______, it was clear that the state was virtually bankrupt and this was publicly admitted.

In _______ Brienne was dismissed by the king.

Summer of _______ there were a series of hailstorms which destroyed harvests

Jacques Necker is recalled as finance minister in _______, replacing Brienne. At his instigation the decision was made to summon the _______, who had not met since _______.

On _______, for the first time since _______, members of the Estates General gathered at the royal palace of Versailles.

On _______, the Third Estate, tired of royal indecision and the selfish attitude of the other two estates, formed the _______.

On _______, the king closed the Third Estate’s meeting room so they convened at a nearby tennis court, and made what is known as the _______.

The French Revolution began on _______ when the Bastille was stormed.

The Great Fear occurred in the summer of _______, there was a mass refusal to _______, Grain shipments were _______, and the homes of noblemen and town leaders were _______.

The National Assembly did away with what was left of feudalism in what was known as the ‘_______’.

The August Decrees abolished: _______, such as their exemption to pay taxes. _______. _______.

_______ the National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

_______ Food prices started to rise and there were serious bread shortages in France

On the morning of _______ crowds of women began to march from Paris to the royal palace at Versailles. Initially there were _______ women but that number grew to _______ as they escorted the king and his family back to Paris

French governments were unstable between _______ and _______

War between France and Austria broke out in _______

Most members of the third estate agreed on 4 important issues concerning the new constitution in France: _______. _______. _______. _______.

The Assembly made long-lasting changes in _______ however failed to address problems which concerned the poorest people in France, like the _______.

Three political groups within the National Assembly- _______, _______, _______.

Jacobins: _______

Feuillants: _______

Girondins: _______

_______ ‘emigres’ who were members of the French population who decided to flee France during the first years of the French Revolution and the terror.

Louis XVI was incompetent and mistrusted and was sent to the guillotine in _______.

After _______ many counter-revolutionaries were killed and their properties seized

The National Assembly introduced new paper currency called ‘_______’ and reformed the tax system so that those best able to pay would receive the burden.

In _______, Louis attempted his flight to Varennes in which he tried to escape to the _______ to the North.

In _______ the National Assembly completed what it considered to be its primary and final task, _______.

New French Constitution created in _______ retained the monarchy and the king still had the right to veto laws, but it transferred sovereignty and the right to make laws to the _______, which replaced the national assembly.

There was a real fear in _______ that Austria and Prussia would intervene to destroy the revolution as they had openly stated their support for Louis in the _______ in 1791.

Many nobles had fled France and decided to _______

The harvest of _______ had been poor. There was a shortage of bread, and prices of basic food were rising.

The refusal of some clergy refusing to take the oath in _______ agreeing to the _______ was causing anger.

The Assembly declared war on Austria in _______

In _______ there was an outbreak of violence in Paris which was seen by many as a ‘_______’

Following the _______ the king and his family were arrested and imprisoned

Legislative Assembly dissolves in _______ and is replaced with the _______

The National Convention was elected by universal male suffrage: all French men, unless they were servants or unemployed, were allowed to vote but only _______ of those entitled to vote did so.

The two years of _______ saw the greatest period of instability throughout the revolutionary process

At the end of _______ the National Convention decided to abolish the monarchy and make France a _______.

Louis XVI was executed on _______

In early _______ yet another constitution was written for France, transferring executive power over to the _______, ruled by _______

Under the committee of public safety and the law of suspects, over _______ people were arrested and an estimated _______ were executed. Over _______ died of ill treatment in prisons and it is likely that another _______ were killed without trial.

By the autumn of _______, the worst of the fighting was over. Austria had been defeated, food prices had started to drop, the government began to gather control of the economy, the provinces had been calmed and _______ was bringing in money.

Maximillien Robespierre: A lawyer elected to the Estates General in _______ as a member of the _______ estate. Strongly critical of the monarchy. The first to suggest that the king be put on trial and that France become a republic. He was eventually arrested and executed in _______.

Harvest of _______ was again very poor and there was another hard winter over _______

By _______ it became known within French society that the constitution of 1793 had failed and it was time to try again to find a workable system in France.

Issues affecting the economy were a major cause of the revolution. The bad harvest of _______ and the following harsh winter, high food prices and an industrial recession were major background influences when the Estates General met in 1789.

The abolition of feudal rights in _______ led to retaliation by aristocratic landowners who raised rent drastically which impacted small farmers heavily and drove many into poverty

The death of Robespierre marked the end of a bloodthirsty period of the revolution and the convention drew up a new constitution in _______, establishing a ‘_______’.

The directory had 2 councils, _______ which proposed laws, while _______ accepted or rejected the proposed laws.

There were 5 directors elected within the directory that were in charge of choosing junior ministers, army leaders, tax collectors and other officials. The first five directors were supporters of the revolution and survivors of the terror: _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Problems the Directory faced: _______. _______. _______.

Severe winter in _______ led to a shortage of food which caused anger towards the government. Riots broke out and there were calls for the 1795 constitution to be abolished.

One of the main reasons for the Directory’s survival till _______ was _______.

Under the Directory, France was successful in war most of the time, gaining territory in Italy and finally making peace with Austria. _______

Directory came to an end under the _______ in 1799

In August 1799, the French army was defeated by combined Austrian and Russian forces at the battle of _______. France suffered over _______ casualties.

By 1798 France was _______, which was shown in the elections.

Napoleon joined his first regiment in _______, just as the revolution was reaching a critical phase.

Napoleon is often desribed as '_______'

Napoleon was put in command of the French army in Northern Italy. He commanded _______ poorly-fed, ill-equipped and demoralized men to success.

Napoleon managed to impose a peace treaty on Austria in _______ which formally gave France territory in much of northern Italy and present-day Belgium.

Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in _______ was unsuccessful and he was forced to return to France, he did however manage to downplay the scale of his defeat.

The weakness of the Directory in 1799 allowed Napoleon to _______

Sieyes and Napoleon proceeded to seize power aided by _______ (Napoleon’s brother) and two other vital supporters- _______.

Napoleon and Sieyes established the _______ after the fall of the directory which consisted of ‘three consuls’ who would rule France. Napoleon took care to ensure that his power was superior to that of the other consuls and named himself ‘_______’.

Napoleon became First Consul at age _______

Napoleon hoped to create political and religious tolerance in France. In _______ there was a general amnesty issued for all emigres.

Napoleon _______ which was a vital step towards ending the financial crisis in France. He also took great care in _______, aware of the harvest failings in 1800.

Napoleon took great care to censor the media. The majority of newspapers in 1800 were radical _______ supporters, but censorship shut down over _______ out of _______ in 1800 alone. Theaters were also banned from putting on radical plays.

Napoleon managed to defeat Austria and Britain at the battles of _______ and _______ in the summer of 1800.

Napoleon became emperor in _______

During Napoleon’s first years in power, his major domestic reforms focused on: _______. _______. _______. _______.

In _______ an agreement between Napoleon and the Roman Catholic Church was met (Pope Pius VII). It allowed for the Roman Catholic Church to recognize Napoleon’s government as the official government of France while also allowing religious tolerance for all.

Before 1789 there were _______ different legal systems in France.

The Napoleonic code was produced in stages between _______ and _______ and officially established in _______. Its main terms were: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______.

Hilaire Belloc: _______ (Louis XVI character)

Hilaire Belloc: _______ (inevitable opposition to National Assembly by royalists.)

Hilaire Belloc: _______ (inevitable failure of the church)

Thomas Carlyle: _______ (France had been autocratic for a long time)

Thomas Carlyle: _______ (Marie Antoinette)

Peter Jones: _______ (danger for authoritarian government due to reform.)