1What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
2Which type of muscle is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle.
3Which muscle tissues are involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth muscle.
4Which muscle tissues are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle.
5Which muscle tissue is nonstriated?
Smooth muscle.
6Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to bones and other structures that produce body movement.
7What is the main function of skeletal muscle?
Movement, posture, joint stabilization, and heat production.
8Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the wall of the heart.
9What is the main function of cardiac muscle?
Pumping blood.
10Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels.
11What is the main function of smooth muscle?
Moving substances and regulating the diameter of passageways.
12What is a muscle origin?
The attachment usually less movable during a particular muscle action.
13What is a muscle insertion?
The attachment usually more movable during a particular muscle action.
14What is the muscle belly?
The thick, fleshy, contractile portion of a muscle.
15What does a tendon connect?
Muscle to bone.
16What does a ligament connect?
Bone to bone.
17What is fascia?
Connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles and other structures.
18What is the epimysium?
Connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle.
19What is the perimysium?
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.
20What is the endomysium?
Connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber.
21What is a muscle fascicle?
A bundle of muscle fibers.
22What is a muscle fiber?
An individual skeletal muscle cell.
23What are myofibrils?
Contractile structures inside muscle fibers.
24What is a sarcomere?
The basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle.
25What protein makes up the thin filament?
Actin.
26What protein makes up the thick filament?
Myosin.
27What is the sliding filament mechanism?
The process in which myosin pulls actin inward, shortening sarcomeres.
28What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
29What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A structure that stores and releases calcium ions in muscle fibers.
30What are T-tubules?
Structures that carry electrical signals deep into muscle fibers.
31What neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle?
Acetylcholine.
32What happens when acetylcholine is released?
It binds receptors on the muscle fiber and initiates an electrical signal.
33What ion triggers skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium ions, Ca²⁺.
34Where is calcium stored in skeletal muscle?
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
35What does calcium bind to during contraction?
Troponin.
36What happens when calcium binds troponin?
Tropomyosin moves, exposing myosin-binding sites on actin.
37What is ATP used for in muscle contraction?
It powers cross-bridge cycling and calcium reuptake.
38What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase.
39What is an isotonic contraction?
A contraction in which the muscle changes length while producing force.
40What is an isometric contraction?
A contraction in which muscle tension increases without a noticeable change in muscle length.
41What is a concentric contraction?
A contraction in which a muscle shortens while producing force.
42What is an eccentric contraction?
A contraction in which a muscle lengthens while controlling a load.
43What is muscle hypertrophy?
An increase in muscle fiber size.
44What is muscle atrophy?
A decrease in muscle size.
45What type of exercise commonly produces muscle hypertrophy?
Resistance training.
46What type of exercise improves aerobic endurance?
Endurance or aerobic training.
47What can prolonged muscle disuse cause?
Muscle atrophy.
48What is ATP?
The immediate energy source used by cells for muscle contraction.
49What is creatine phosphate used for?
Rapid regeneration of ATP during short, intense activity.
50What is anaerobic glycolysis?
ATP production from glucose without directly requiring oxygen.
51What is aerobic respiration?
ATP production using oxygen, mainly in mitochondria.
52What substance is associated with high rates of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate.
53What is the main function of the deltoid?
Abduction of the arm.
54Where is the biceps brachii located?
On the anterior upper arm.
55What is the main action of the biceps brachii?
Elbow flexion and forearm supination.
56Where is the triceps brachii located?
On the posterior upper arm.
57What is the main action of the triceps brachii?
Extension of the elbow.
58Where is the pectoralis major located?
On the anterior chest.
59What is the main action of the pectoralis major?
Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm.
60Where is the rectus abdominis located?
On the anterior abdominal wall.
61What is the main action of the rectus abdominis?
Flexion of the trunk.
62Where is the trapezius located?
Across the upper back and neck.
63What is the main function of the trapezius?
Moves and stabilizes the scapula and assists neck movement.
64Where is the latissimus dorsi located?
Across the broad middle and lower back.
65What is the main action of the latissimus dorsi?
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm.
66Where is the gluteus maximus located?
In the buttocks.
67What is the main action of the gluteus maximus?
Extension of the hip.
68Where is the quadriceps group located?
On the anterior thigh.
69What is the main action of the quadriceps?
Extension of the knee.
70Where are the hamstrings located?
On the posterior thigh.
71What are the main actions of the hamstrings?
Knee flexion and hip extension.
72Where is the gastrocnemius located?
On the posterior lower leg.
73What is the main action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantar flexion of the foot and assistance with knee flexion.
74Where is the tibialis anterior located?
On the anterior lower leg.
75What is the main action of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.