pTest 3

Muscular movements that are appropriate to the situation.

Responses that facilitate quick reactions and energy for vigorous movement.

Responses that reinforce the autonomic responses.

A brain region whose damage impairs people's ability to understand and be amused by jokes; it is activated by all types of jokes. It is also involved in conditioned responses related to learned fear or relaxation.

A brain region activated by funny socially appropriate jokes, associated with reinforcement and reward.

A brain region activated by jokes that violate social norms. It shows the largest response when shown fearful faces and exhibits activity before the visual cortex does in response to such faces. It directs/allocates resources to coordinate emotional responses. Damage to this area can lead to reduced sensitivity to fear and impaired ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion, especially fear.

A brain region activated by jokes that violate social norms.

A brain region whose damage impairs people’s ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust. It is activated by smelling bad odor and seeing a face of a person expressing disgust. Damage to its white matter is associated with emotional facial paresis.

Brain structures whose damage impairs people’s ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust.

An emotional response involving increased heart ratelood pressure, increased respiration, increased vigilance, and cortical activation between visual, motor, auditory, and sensory mediators.

Involved in conditioned responses (learned fear or relaxation) and classical conditioning. Comprehension of emotion from word meaning increases its activity.

A genetic disorder characterized by increased collagen, leading to reduced sensitivity to fear, often due to amygdala damage.

A neurotransmitter involved in the heritability of serotonin signaling and aggression genes. Serotonergic neurons play an inhibitory role in human aggression. Reduced levels are associated with aggression and antisocial behavior.

An enzyme involved in serotonin synthesis.

Proteins on neurons that bind to serotonin.

Proteins that regulate the movement of serotonin.

Enzymes that inactivate serotonin.

Substances that might help reduce aggressive behavior, such as fluoxetine.

A hormone that contributes to male aggression; natural hormonal changes during puberty can lead to higher confidence and violence.

An interaction between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex involved in the stress response and the secretion of hormones related to stress, anger, aggression, "fight," and suppressing anger.

A hormone secreted as part of the stress response that suppresses testosterone but contributes to anxiety and distress.

A concept related to a high aggressive drive together with personality factors.

Aggressiveness linked to glucocorticoid deficiency, seen in antisocial personality disorder.

Aggressiveness associated with an acute exaggerated glucocorticoid response to stress (can be seen in PTSD) and intermittent explosive disorder.

A condition linked to hypo-arousal-associated aggressiveness.

Post-traumatic stress disorder, which can be associated with hyper-arousal-driven aggressiveness.

A condition that can be associated with hyper-arousal-driven aggressiveness.

The idea that the right hemisphere has more of a role than the left hemisphere in the comprehension of emotion. Right hemisphere lesions impair the expression of emotion (facially and in tone of voice).

A condition where signs and symptoms affecting sensory/motor function are inconsistent with patterns of known neurological diseases, significantly impacting function and not controlled at will or feigned intentionally.

The part of the brain connected to the cochlea that perceives loudness and maintains tonotopic information.

A part of the auditory system that perceives loudness and contains a frequency map on its basilar membrane.

A structure in the cochlea that has a frequency map where different parts respond to different frequencies.

The organization of auditory information based on frequency.

The organization of visual information based on its origin on the retina.

The region surrounding the primary visual cortex, also known as V2.

The primary visual cortex (V1) located in the occipital lobe.

The "where" pathway in the visual system that ends in the parietal cortex.

The brain area where the dorsal stream of visual processing ends, involved in spatial perception.

The "what" pathway in the visual system that ends in the temporal cortex.

The brain area where the ventral stream of visual processing ends, involved in object recognition.

The inability to identify objects by sight due to damage to the ventral stream.

The inability to recognize faces while still perceiving facial features.

A brain region that is smaller in individuals with congenital prosopagnosia.

Damage to the eardrum causing trouble identifying volume and directionality of sound.

Photoreceptor cells involved in vision under low light conditions.

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision.

A nucleus where neurons in the visual pathway send axons to V1.

Axons from LGN neurons that project to the primary visual cortex (V1).

The primary visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex.

The brain lobe where the primary visual cortex (V1) is located.

The second cortical area for visual processing, also known as the extrastriate cortex.

Structures that respond to gravity and inform head orientation.

A nerve connected to the vestibular sacs.

Structures that respond to angular acceleration and changes in position.

A sensory pathway integrating information from the somatosenses.

Nerves that provide individualized connections to senses.

Bodily senses, with skin senses (cutaneous) being the most studied.

Relating to the skin senses.

The outer layer of the body containing different sensory receptors.

The layer beneath the skin.

A middle layer of the skin.

The outermost layer of the skin.

Sensory receptors located throughout the skin layers.

Receptors in hairy and glabrous skin that detect form and roughness.

Receptors that detect static force, skin stretching, and proprioception.

Receptors in glabrous skin that detect edge contours and braille-like stimuli.

Receptors that detect vibration and information from held objects.

The sense of body position in space.

The sense of body movement through space.

Receptors in skeletal muscles that report changes in muscle length.

Free nerve-ending receptors that respond to warmth and cold.

A receptor that responds to heat (43°C+) and burning pain.

A receptor that responds to noxious heat (52°C+).

A receptor that responds to warmth (31°C+).

A receptor that responds to warmth (25°C+).

A receptor that responds to coolness (<28°C), such as menthol.

Pain receptors that detect noxious stimuli.

A receptor sensitive to pungent irritants and environmental toxins.

Free nerve endings that detect intense pressure and act as pain receptors.

A neuron that sends an axon to the olfactory bulb.

A structure where olfactory receptor cells synapse with mitral cells.

Neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive input from olfactory receptor cells.

A brain region receiving olfactory information and sending it to the hypothalamus.

A brain region involved in food acceptance or rejection based on olfactory input.

A brain region that sends olfactory information to the hippocampus.

A brain region that receives olfactory input from the entorhinal cortex.

A brain region involved in odor recognition and processing.

A brain region that receives olfactory information from the piriform cortex.

A nucleus that relays olfactory information to the hypothalamus and orbitofrontal cortex.

The organization of olfactory information based on odor.

A condition where one sensory input triggers an experience in another sensory modality.

A developmental disorder with sensory dysfunction as a key characteristic.

A condition where multisensory input is improperly processed.

A type of sensory processing disorder affecting responsiveness to sensory stimulation.

A state requiring intense sensory stimulation to elicit a response.

A state where innocuous stimuli are perceived as extreme or threatening.

A disorder affecting sound localization, discrimination, and pattern recognition.

A developmental disorder with inattention and hyperactivity, often with sensory dysfunction.

A neurological disorder where individuals with ASD and ADHD have similar sensory symptoms.

Swallowing, Speech, Myoclonus (spastic movement), Sensory loss

Effective presentation of diagnosis