elec

barrier potential of Si

barrier potential of Ge

barrier potential of GaAs

VTH2 formula

Is2 (reverse saturation current with temp) formula

Diode Equation

VT in diode equation

Diode's dynamic resistance (rd)

allow an electric current to pass in one direction while blocking in the opposite direction.

junction located bet. the two layer of a diode

electron goes to the holes of semiconductor and both cancel out

req. voltage across the junction of the diode before forward current flow

use of a dc voltage to establish a certain operating condition for an electronic device

bias permitting majority carrier of forward current to flow; acts as a closed switch

prevents majority carrier or forward current; acts as an open circuit

small leakage current that flows in diode when reverse bias

maximum voltage a diode can handle when reverse bias

appox. resistance offered by p-n junction diode when small AC signal is applied

fundamental property of matter influenced by electrons and protons

SI unit of charge

1C = ? statC = ?esu

capability to do work by charged body

the difference of electrical potential between two points.

The energy supplied by a source per unit charge particle

energy applied per charged to move it

directional movement of charge particle

current formula with respect to charge and time

A material's opposition or limit to the flow of electric current.

resistance is affected by

Best conductor

area of wire w/ circular cross section

parameter of resistance- change factor per temperature

a law stating that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.

rate per unit time which electrical energy is transferred

form of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge

1 eV = ___ J

1 kwH = ___ J

1 calorie = ? joules.

1 ft-lb = ___ J

1 BTU = ___ J

When the resistance increases when the temperature increases. (conductor)

When the resistance decreases when the temperature increases.

SI unit for power

SI unit for energy

resistivity formula

power formula

Energy formula

1 hp = ____ W

Emf / voltage formula

study deals w/ stationary or slow moving charges

like charges repel, unlike attract

The electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

the space around a charged object

strength of the electric field at a point due to the source charge

measure of strength of an electric field;number of electric lines of force passing through an area

energy needed to move a charge against an electric field

the amount of work to take 1 coulomb of charge from one point to another; potential energy per unit charge

1N = ___dynes

Coulomb's law equation

SI unit of force

proportionality constant formula

permittivity formula

absolute permittivity formula

electric field intensity equation

Flux formula

Flux density formula

formula for electric potential energy

electric potential formula

Who was the French physicist who succeeded in making the first accurate measurements of the electromagnetic force between charges?

relative permittivity of free space

property of materials to attract or repel other magnetic material

Like poles repel and unlike poles attract

natural material that exhibits permanent magnetism

exposing or subjecting a magnetic material into magnetizing force

the number of magnetic field lines or force leaving or entering the pole of magnet

magnetic flux SI ? Cgs ?

1 Wb = ___ Mx

1 Mx = ___ line of force

The number of flux lines per unit area perpendicular to the direction of the flux

magnetic flux density formula

flux density Si ? Cgs ?

1 T = ___G

Magnetism that results from an electric Currents

type of magnet consisting of wire wound into a coil which produces magnetic field by electric current

the process of creating a current in a circuit by changing a magnetic field

magnetic force that set up magnetic flux

magnetomotive force formula

mmf SI ? Cgs ?

1 At = ___Gb

mmf per unit length

magnetic field intensity formula

H SI? Cgs ?

1 At/m = ___ Oe

measure of ease which magnetic field can be established

absolute permeability

permeability formula

u slightly less than 1; very low repellent effect

types of diamagnetic (BIS AN ZIN CO honor ME with SILVER and GOLD

u slightly greater than 1;very low attractive effect

example of paramagnet:

u very much greater than 1; very strong attractive effect

example of ferromagnetic: Penny Co ay Iron

The opposition to the establishment of a magnetic field in a material ( magnetic flux)

reluctance formula

reluctivity formula

one or more closed loop paths containing magnetic flux

delayed reaction of magnetization w/ change og mmf

magnetism after removal of mmf

ability to retain magnetism

force required to counter retentivity

opposite of retentivity

Emf is induced when conductor cuts magnetic flux

The magnitude of Emf is proportional relative to the rate of change in flux

electromagnetic induction formula

small voltages generated by a conductor with current in an external magnetic field ( use in gauss meter to measure magnetic field)

The direction of the induced e.m.f. or current is always such as to oppose the change producing it.

Passive components used to limit flow of current or provide voltage

Does not change the signal

Capable of amplifying or producing signals

Cheapest, have a wide range of values and are non reactive but have limited wattage rating, resistance value change with temperature and aging and generate high noise and wide tolerance (5-20%)

High wattage rating, accurate and stable resistance but are reactive XL, has limited range and low resistance values

Wide range of values, non reactive, tighter tolerance, less sensitive to temp and aging and generate less noise but have low wattage rating

3 connection (2 fixed and 1 variable), has wide range of values but limited by its current handling, often connected as voltage dividers

2 connection (1 fixed and 1 variable), it has limited range of values but has a high current handling, it is often connected in series with the load

0, 1, -

1, 10, 1%

2, 10², 2%

3, 10³, -

4, 10⁴, -

5, 10⁵, 0.5%

6, 10⁶, 0.25%

7, 10⁷, 0.1%

8, 10⁸, -

9, 10⁹, -

-, 10^-1, 5%

-, 10^-2, 10%

-, -, 20%

1%

2%

5%

10%

20%

A device that stores electrical energy in an electrostatic field/ electric field. Consist of two conducting plates called electrodes and separated by an insulating material medium called dielectric

Store charge, Block dc and allow ac, Used to link together circuit elements to another (AC), Suppress voltage fluctuation and noise, Block high frequency and allows low freq, Tuned circuit, Smoothing ripple in waveform

Electrical size of capacitor. It is the measure of how much electric energy stored in electrostatic field, ability to oppose change in voltage

Farad (F)

1/C

Capacitance formula

Energy stored U

Capacitor current formula

Made of flat thin strips of metal foil separated by waxed paper as the dielectric which has high working voltage but have high leakage current and wide tolerance

has smaller tolerance, work in high temperature but are large and more expensive

One of the most widely used non polarized, high capacitances to size ratio, also inexpensive, small leakage current but have high frequency

Made from depositing a thin layer of silver on a mica dielectric, it is very stable with time, tight tolerance, good temperature coefficient and excellent endurance but have low capacitance value and are expensive

Use air as dielectric, it is low loss and low leakage current but have low capacitance to size ratio and have low dielectric strength

Composed of 2 rolled up strips of aluminum foil w/ a strip of absorbent paper bet. soaked in electrolyte solution. It has high capacitance value, high leakage current and wide tolerance

it is smaller lighter and more stable, lower leakage rate , less inductance, low max capacitance storage and working voltage and are lrone to damage from current spike

A two terminal electrical component that stores energy in the magnetic field when electrical current flow

Energy storage, limit switching current and fault current, can function as a low pass filter, sensor to sense magnetic field and tuning circuit

Mostly used on RF equipment (high frequency), it has high current carrying capacity more efficient and has low inductive value

Higher inductance value, but are prone to core losses

Loss from freq., it is heat from the reversing of magnetic field

Loss from current, it is heat from the flow of current

Ability to oppose change in current

Henry(H)

Inductance formula

Energy stored formula

Induced voltage formula

A current flowing in one coil induces voltage in another coil

Amount of mutual induction existing bet. 2 magnetically coupled coils

Mutual Inductance formula

Coefficient of coupling (k)

Induction series aiding

Induction series opposing

Induction parallel aiding

Induction parallel opposing

Closed conducted path which current flows or is intended to flow

Junction where 2 or more source circuit element and/or branches are connected together

Single or group of component such as resistor or source is connected bet. 2 nodes

A closed path in which no element or node is encountered more than once

A loop that contains no other loop inside

Resistors connected in series

Ex=Et(Rx/Rt)

Ix=It(RyRz/Rx+Ry+Rz)

Delta to wye

Wye to delta

condition of capacitor and inductor in steady-state

temporary phenomenon occuring in a network prior to reaching a steady state

0.5T

0.7T

1T

2T

3T

4T

5T

time required to charge 63.2% or discharge to 36.8%Vr

T formula

Vc formula for charging

Vc formula for discharging

IL formula for charging

IL formula for discharging

also known as "Laws of electrical networks"

1st law of Kirchhoff's law

2nd law of Kirchhoff's law

based on law of conservation of charger, it states that the sum of currents entering and leaving any node in an electrical circuit is equal to zero

based on law of conservation of energy, it states that the sum of all volatage around a loop is zero

also known as branch current method

also known as Maxwell's loop current method

also known as Parallel Generator Theorem, it computes common voltages when diff. voltage sources with resistance are connected in parallel

Millman's Equation

in multiple sources, the current and voltage is the sum of the effects produced by each source acting separately

an entire network connected to the load can be replaced by a single voltage source Vth with a single resistance Rth connected in the same terminal

an entire network connected to the load can be replaced by a single current source In with a single resistance Rn connected in parallel

states that for max. power transfer, load resistance must be equal to the internal resistance of the source

under max power, the transfer is at

use of measuring devices to determine the values of different quantities

measure of consistency or repeatability

precision formula

degree of exactness of measurement compared to expected value

accuracy formula

deviation of reading from expected value

percent error formula

other name for d'arsonval meter movement

PMMC is the most popular and widely used because of it is the_.

PMMC operates upon the interaction of_.

PMMC measures: current:_ voltage:_ resistance_ dc:_ ac:_

current causing max depletion in PMMC

patented PMMC

accuracy of PMMC

force to move the pointer from 0 in PMMC

force to move pointer back to 0 in PMMC

force to stop pointer oscillation in PMMC

device indicate amount of current flowing connected in series

a precision resistor connected across the meter movement, it extends the range of ammeter

universal shunt, used for multiple -range ammeters

errors in ammeter reading is due to the

measuring device for electrical potential difference bet. 2 points, connected in parallel

high resistance resistor in series w/ meter movement to increase range

errors in voltmeter reading is due to the

also known as the "sensitivity of of volmeter" it indicate voltmeter's resistance indefinitely of range or the resistance for 1 volt deflection

ohms per volt rating formula in dc Sdc

ohms per volt rating formula in ac Sdc

measures electrical resistance

errors in ohmmeter reading is due to the

deflection factor formula

flow of electricity periodically reverses direction

Advantage of ac

vertical distance between axis and max or min value

time it takes for one complete cycle

number of cycle in 1sec

distance bet. identical points of waveform

speed of current flow in materials

angular measure of a waveform has shifted from a reference point

max value of waveform of one alternation

value at ine particular instant

instantaneous value formula

the average of all instantaneous values for certain period of time

Vave / Vdc formula

value that will have the same heating effect on a resistance as comparable value of dc or voltage have on the same resistance

Vrms formula

ratio of rms to average value

form factor formula

ratio of max value to rms value

pf formula

ff for sine wave

pf for sine wave

Opposition to current by resistive component

reciprocal of resistance

opposition offered by capacitor and inductor

reciprocal of reactance

total opposition of flow of ac, R+X

reciprocal of impedance, G+B

in purely resistive, V and I are _.

in purely inductive, V and I are _.

in purely capacitive, V and I are _.

in an inductive circuit, V and I are_.

in an capacitive circuit, V and I are_.

power consumed or dissipated by resistive component (Watts)

real power formula

rate of energy stored or released in the reactive power (Volts ampere reactive)

reactive power formula

total energy supplied to the system, vector sum of the true power and reactive power (Volts ampere)

apparent power formula

power factor formula pf

reactive factor formula rf

star/wye formula

delata/mesh formula

3 phase ac reactive power formula

3 phase ac real power formula

3 phase ac apparent power formula

a circuit phenomenon or condition where in: Xl=Xc, V and I is in phase (resistive in nature), and pf is unity

consist of a coil and capacitor connected in series or parallel at

L and C in parallel

at resonant, series , Z is _ and I is _.

series: at f<fr, z is _. at f>fr, z is_.

fr formula in series

fr formula in parallel

Quality factore in series formula

in series resonant circuit Q is also called

Quality factore in parallel formula