Quiz 1

First reference to the word robot

Who First used the word robot

the word robot came from Czeck word

Formulated the “Three Laws of Robotics”

published Cybernetics, a book that describes the concept of communications and control in electronic, mechanical and biological systems.

designed the first programmable robot and coined the term universal automation

first successful robot manufacturing company.

reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different tasks.

1st Law of Robotics

2nd Law of Robotics

3rd Law of Robotics

A unit transmitting information and receiving instructions from a remote operator

The central computer that integrates the activity of several microprocessors
the brain of the robot

The device at the end of the manipulator's arm
that performs the actual work

A mechanism consisting of several segments or arms which provide the necessary motion to move the tool or part into the proper position

Generally, some energy storage devices such as batteries for a mobile units otherwise hook up to the power grid.

Usually a transducer of some kind whose inputs are physical phenomena and whose outputs consist of electronic signals.

Serves as the muscle of the system, and produces the motion with power supplied electrically, pneumatically, or through hydraulics.

Refers to different axes of motion of the robotic arm. The movement about one axis is hardware independent of movement about any other axis.

Motion of the entire arm about the fixed base

Movement above the waist

up and down

side to side

rotation of the wrist about the axis of the forearm

CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS

Type of robot based on control where movement is Point to point

Type of robot based on control where Robots memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continuously without guidance from the operator.

Type of robot based on control where robot is Programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine

Type of robot based on control where it is Equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.

Type of robot based on movement where Movement is in three directions only up/down, leftight, and frontack.

Type of robot based on movement where Robot work envelope is cylindrical. Robot’s arm swings around its base in a circular or polar motion. (up and down, front end)

With polar articulation for waist and shoulder and rectilinear motion for reach.
The base moves in a circular motion (up to 210 degrees) while its main arm moves up and down and in and out (extension and retraction)

Robot with polar articulation for all degrees of movement

One example Fully Articulated Robot which has six axes and therefore increases its degrees of freedom.

Produces only 2 position motion. Limited sequence or Bang – bang motion

Ability to move a robot axis to any position within its range

Destination points are very close together.

FACTORS: SELECTION OF ROBOTS

The layout has a Toolstrip at the top, the Current Folder Toolbar below it, and four windows underneath.

Main window, enters variables, runs programs.

Contains output from graphic commands.

Creates and debugs script and function files.

Provides help information.

Logs commands entered in the Command Window.

Provides information about the variables that are stored.

Shows the files in the current folder.

The command can continue line after line up to a total of

Variable Name Can be up to

Removes all variables from the memory

is a sequence of MATLAB commands

device that converts one form of energy into another form, translating the magnitude of one quantity into another quantity.

The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both

can be used to sense a wide range of different energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant energy, thermal or magnetic energy,

can be used to switch voltages or currents

A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement

Transducers that require an external power source for their operation. They simply detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment.

is a passive transducer that will vary the resistance of the cell when light falls on it

is a measuring instrument that generates a signal, transmits it to a target, and receives a reflected signal from the target.

sensor detects an object when the object approaches the detection boundary of the sensor.

The object being sensed by the proximity sensor is often referred to as

The maximum distance that the proximity sensor can detect is defined

is responsible for the emission of the electrostatic/electromagnetic field to which the target will be exposed. It is also the part that is being exposed to the sensor’s target.

creates the repetitive signal with a defined frequency, in which its amplitude varies depending on the distance of the target from the sensing face.

Extracts signal amplitude from the oscillating carrier. The extracted amplitude carries the information that is equivalent or linear to the distance of the target object from the sensing face.

triggers the output when it has received the feedback signal from the comparator in the demodulator circuit.

acts as a switch that is physically connected to the circuitry in which the sensor is wired.

use a transducer to send and receive high-frequency sound signals. When a target enters the beam, the sound is reflected back to the switch, causing it to energize or de-energize the output circuit.

mounted on the sensor surface. It can transmit and receive high-frequency pulses once a high-frequency voltage is applied to the disk,

from 6 to 80 cm. An object placed in the it will produce an unstable output.

Objects beyond the upper limit do not produce a change in the output of the sensor

consists of the main cone and several neighboring cones. The approximate angle of the main cone is 5°.

The distance between the sensors is determined by the

occurs when sonar devices are mounted in close proximity to each other, and the target is in a position to reflect echoes back to a sensor in the proximity of the transmitting sensor.

standard mode of operation. Objects, traveling in any direction into the operating range of the sound cone, will cause the sensor output to switch states.

uses a reflector located in the preset operating range. The pulses are bounced off the reflector, and the echo pulses are returned to the sensor.

consist of a transmitter, which emits ultrasonic pulses, and a receiver. If the beam between the transmitter and the receiver is interrupted the output of the receiver switches state.

help cobots perform tasks such as inspecting, identifying, counting, measuring, or reading the barcode. Ultra-high-speed imaging and lens quality facilitate multi-operations in one process

a process of extracting, characterizing, and interpreting information from images of a 3-dimensional world.

applying different technologies and methods to perform imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis, process control, and robot guidance in industrial applications

It is an identification application in which the vision system reads various codes and alphanumeric characters (text and numbers) and decodes the codes to get the product features.

deals with image and video acquisition, processing, analyzing, and understanding images to perform object detection and tracking, feature detection, extraction, and matching.

refers to the capture and automation of image analysis with an emphasis on the image analysis function across a wide range of theoretical and practical applications

traditionally refers to the use of computer vision in an industrial or practical application or process where it is necessary to execute a certain function or outcome based on the image analysis done by the vision system.

machine eye operating scope

three segments in a robot vision system:

is a distribution of the Python and R programming languages for scientific computing, that aims to simplify package management and deployment.

an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language.
Its language constructs as well as its object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects.

created PYTHON

Powerful Python IDE with advanced editing, interactive testing, debugging, and introspection features

is a next-generation web-based user interface for Project Jupyter.

It is a web-based, interactive computing notebook environment.
Edit and run human-readable documents while describing the data analysis

allows you to write and execute Python in your browser,

refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

a device that enables the holding of an object to be manipulated

The types of grippers can be classified as follows:

The jaw moves in a parallel motion in relation to the gripper body. it is Accurate, simple, inexpensive, and widely used.

Jaws are opened/closed around a central pivot point (sweeping/arcing motion). jaws need to move up and out of the way in limited space.

The pivot of jaw movement acts as an over-center toggle lock and provides a high grip force/weight ratio.

Part geometry allows locking as well. A standard 2/ or 3-fingered gripper may be used.

Common, closing force assist gripping.

Pneumatic, Electric Motors, Hydraulic

Smaller units, quick assembly, high cycle rate, easy maintenance.

High accuracy and repeatability, less floor space, low cost, and easy maintenance.

High strength and high speed. large robot, takes floor space, mechanical simplicity, and is usually used for heavy loads.

is a general-purpose programming language created by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972.

A highly popular and multitasking Operating system, launched in 1969, UNIX is powerful.

was developed as an extension of C, and supports classes and objects

key component of so-called "GNU Toolchain", for developing applications and writing operating systems. It is a compiler suite that supports many languages, such as C/C++ and Objective-C/C++.

are containers for storing data values.

stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123

stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99

stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes.

are used together with the printf() function to tell the compiler what type of data the variable is storing. It is basically a placeholder for the variable value.

Arduino family of controllers was developed in

is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

based on the ATmega2560. It features 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

is Arduino's first development board to use one microcontroller with built-in USB. This means that it can be cheaper and simpler