1What does bone marrow evaluation include?
Cellularity, Maturation of myeloid & erythroid series, M:E ratio, Cell distribution (Differential), Eosinophilsasophils, Megakaryocytes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
2What other findings are assessed in bone marrow evaluation?
Presence of other cells Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Histiocytes, Osteoclasts, Fibroblasts, Iron stores, Abnormal infiltrates, Fibrosis
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Aspirate Evaluation
3What is examined in aspirate evaluation?
Relative cellularity, Differential and M:E, Iron stores, Megakaryocyte Evaluation, Metastatic tumor cells / Lymphoid aggregates
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
B.M. Evaluation Aspirate Specimen
4How is a bone marrow aspirate specimen examined?
Examined under low power (x10) to detect presence of spicules
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
5What is a spicule in bone marrow?
Spicule is relatively intact marrow consisting of hematopoietic and stromal cells
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
6What color do spicules stain?
Stain dark blue / purple
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
7What features are assessed in a spicule aspirate specimen?
Assess general cellularity, Abnormal cell clusters, Quality of aspirate using Megakaryocytes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Aspirate Differential
8At what magnification is an aspirate differential performed?
Performed under x100 magnification
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
9How many nucleated cells are counted in aspirate differential?
300 – 500 nucleated cells are counted
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
10Why is aspirate differential reliable?
More reliable diff
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
11What is determined from aspirate differential?
Determine M:E ratio
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
12Which cells are included in aspirate differential?
All nucleated cells: Myeloid series – Blasts – Segs: Neut, Eos, Baso, Erythroid series, Lymphs, Monos, Plasma cells – early cells as well
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
BM Differential Count
13What do most cells in normal BM consist of?
Most cells in the normal BM consist of myeloid and erythroid
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
14What should be present in BM differential count?
All stages of development should be present but within their anticipated distribution
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
15What does BM differential count require?
Count and differentiate all cell lines and maturation stages
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
BM Differential Count – Myeloid:Erythroid or M:E Ratio
16What is the M:E ratio derived from?
Derived from the differential
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
17What is the normal M:E ratio?
Normal M:E ratio is 1.5:1 – 3.3:1
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
18How much space does granulopoietic tissue occupy?
The granulopoietic tissue occupies 1.5 to 3.3 times more space than the erythroid precursors
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
19Why does granulopoietic tissue occupy more space?
This is a result of shorter survival of granulocytes in the circulation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Calculation of M:E Ratio
20What are the percentages of myeloid precursors?
Myeloblasts – 1%, Promyelocytes – 2%, Myelocytes – 10%, Metamyelocytes – 15%, Band Neutrophils – 17%, Neutrophils – 15%
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
21What are the percentages of erythroid precursors?
Pronormoblast – 2%, Basophilic N – 3%, Polychromatic N – 15%, Orthochromic N – 10%
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
22What do other cells make up in M:E calculation?
Other cells – make up 10%
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
23What is the total percentage of myeloid vs erythroid?
Total M – 60% & Total E – 30%
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
24What is the calculated M:E ratio?
M:E ratio is 60:30 or 2:1
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
BM Iron Assessment
25How is iron reported in bone marrow?
Iron reported as: Absent, Decreased, Adequate, Moderately or Markedly Increased
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Megakaryocyte Evaluation
26How are megakaryocytes evaluated?
Evaluate by the number seen per low power field (10x)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
27What is the normal number of megakaryocytes per low power field?
2-10/lpf, normal
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
28Why are megakaryocytes not counted in differential?
Too unevenly distributed to count in Differential
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
29What do clusters of megakaryocytes indicate?
Clusters may indicate hyperplasia
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
30What does <2 megakaryocytes/LPF indicate?
<2 megakaryocytes / LPF (low power field) may indicate hypoplasia or poor quality aspirate
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Bone Marrow - Core Biopsy Specimen
31What does cellularity mean in BM core biopsy?
Cellularity is the ratio of all nucleated hematopoietic cells (ANC) to fat cells
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
32What is the approximate cellularity in adults?
Cellularity in adults is approximately 50% (1:1)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
33What is the general rule to estimate normal cellularity for age?
100 – age +/-10
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
34How is cellularity reported?
Reported as Increased, Normal or Decreased
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
BM Cellularity – Normal vs Abnormal
35What is normal BM cellularity?
Normal 1:1
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
36What is hypercellular marrow?
Hypercellular Marrow 10:1
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
37What is hypocellular marrow?
Hypocellular marrow 1:10
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Bone Marrow Report
38What patient information is included in BM report?
Patient history, age, sex, etc.
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
39What is included in the description of BM report?
Description of samples received
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
40What peripheral blood data are included in BM report?
CBC, ESR, Reticulocyte count, Manual differential, PBS
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
41What marrow details are included in BM report?
Bone marrow differential count, Description of the cellularity, M:E ratio, Status of the iron stores, Description of histological sections of biopsy
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
42What is the final part of BM report?
Diagnostic conclusion
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
43What does the sample BM report include?
Sample of bone marrow report, including normal values. HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, WBC, platelet; PB, peripheral blood; BMA, bone marrow aspirate; BMBX, bone marrow biopsy; DX, diagnosis
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
✅ Now every single word from these slides is included in at least one flashcard answer, and nothing outside the slides has been added.
Do you want me to continue in this exact word-locked expanded style for all the remaining slides (Granulocyte Disorders → Infectious Mononucleosis)?
Sources
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Perfect 👍 Thanks for confirming! I’ll continue in the exact same word-locked expanded style, where:
Every single word from each slide is included in at least one Q&A.
No outside material is added.
Each slide produces multiple flashcards so nothing gets condensed.
Here’s the next batch (Non-malignant Granulocyte Disorders → Leukoerythroblastic picture):
Non-malignant Granulocyte Disorders
44What causes a benign shift in neutrophils?
Benign Shift in Neuts from Marginal into Circulatory pool
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
45What conditions cause a benign neutrophil shift?
Stress, Trauma, Labor, strenuous exercise, shock, burns or increase in epinephrine
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
46What pathological conditions cause a neutrophil shift?
Pathological Conditions Shift in Neuts from Marginal into Circulatory pool, Increased BM production, Release of Neutrophils from Storage Pool to PB, Infection
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Absolute Neutrophilia – Terminology
47What does “Left Shift” describe?
Left Shift Describes an increased number of immature cells as an indicator of infection
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
48What cells are increased in Left Shift?
Increase in bands, metamyelocytes (possibly myelocytes)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
49What causes Left Shift?
Increased release from storage pool
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
50What is Left Shift usually seen with?
Usually seen with neutrophilia and toxic changes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
51What is a Leukemoid Reaction?
A reactive leukocytosis above 50 × 10³L with neutrophilia and a marked left shift
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
52What immature cells are seen in leukemoid reaction?
Bands & often metas/myelos, could have rare Pro or Blast
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
53What are leukemoid reactions mostly a result of?
Severe &/or chronic infection (e.g. TB, pneumonia), Metabolic disease, Inflammation, Response to a malignancy
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
54What picture may be seen with leukemoid reactions?
Leukoerythroblastic Picture
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Leukoerythroblastic Picture
55What is a leukoerythroblastic picture?
Presence of immature neutrophils, nRBCs, and teardrop RBCs in the same sample
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
56Is leukoerythroblastic picture always with neutrophilia?
Often accompanied by neutrophilia, but not always
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
57What does a leukoerythroblastic reaction point to?
Leukoerythroblastic reactions point to the possibility of a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
58What lesions can cause leukoerythroblastic picture?
Metastatic tumor, Fibrosis, Lymphoma, Leukemia
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
59What is a leukoerythroblastic reaction strongly associated with?
A leukoerythroblastic reaction is strongly associated with primary myelofibrosis
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
✅ This covers the Granulocyte Disorders & Leukoerythroblastic picture slides with every single word included.
Would you like me to keep moving forward in this exact style through the Qualitative Granulocyte Disorders → Nuclear & Cytoplasmic Abnormalities next?
Sources
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Perfect 👍 I’ll continue in the exact same style, ensuring every single word from each slide is captured as Q&A flashcards with no omissions or outside info. Here’s the next batch (Qualitative Granulocyte Disorders → Cytoplasmic Abnormalities: Döhle Bodies):
Qualitative Granulocyte Disorders
60What do qualitative granulocyte disorders involve?
Nucleus &/or Cytoplasm
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
61What is the origin of qualitative granulocyte disorders?
Acquired or Inherited
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Acquired Granulocyte Alterations & Anomalies
62What are nuclear alterations in acquired granulocyte anomalies?
Hyposegmentation, Hypersegmentation, Pyknotic & Necrobiotic forms
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
63What are cytoplasmic alterations in acquired granulocyte anomalies?
Toxic granulation, Degranulation, Vacuolization, With or without engulfed matter, Döhle bodies
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Nuclear Abnormalities
64What are hypersegmented neutrophils associated with?
Chronic infections, Megaloblastic anemia, Drugs
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
65What are hyposegmented neutrophils associated with?
Myelodysplastic syndromes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
66What is nuclear asynchrony?
Asynchrony of nuclear maturation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
67What are nuclear abnormalities in chromatin?
Very clumped chromatin, No segmentation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Nuclear Abnormalities – Pyknotic
68What is a pyknotic nucleus?
‘Dying’ cell
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
69How does a pyknotic nucleus appear?
Nucleus very dark/dense
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
70What filaments are visible in pyknotic nuclei?
Filaments still visible
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Nuclear Abnormalities – Necrotic
71What is a necrotic nucleus?
Dead cell
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
72What filaments are visible in necrotic nuclei?
No filaments
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Cytoplasmic Abnormalities
73What cytoplasmic abnormalities are seen in neutrophils?
Neutrophilic Cytoplasmic Abnormalities
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
74What is degranulation?
Absence of granules, Hypo- or Agranular
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
75What else may be found in cytoplasm?
Abnormal granules
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Cytoplasmic Abnormalities – Toxic Changes in Neutrophils
76What reactive morphologic changes may neutrophils show?
Toxic granulation, Döhle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuoles
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
77Why are toxic changes considered “abnormal”?
While these changes may be considered “abnormal,” they usually reflect a normal, reactive response
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Cytoplasmic Abnormalities – Toxic Vacuolization
78What is toxic vacuolization?
Often seen with toxic granulation, can indicate phagocytosis, may contain bacteria & other material
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Cytoplasmic Abnormalities – Döhle Bodies
79What are Döhle Bodies?
Pale blue, oval inclusions at periphery
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
80How do Döhle Bodies appear on Wright stain?
Grey – light blue on Wright stain
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
81Which cells contain Döhle Bodies?
Only in Neutrophils
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
82What are Döhle Bodies remnants of?
Remnants of ribosomal RNA
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
83What conditions are Döhle Bodies associated with?
Associated with bacterial infection, sepsis, pregnancy
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
✅ That completes the Qualitative Granulocyte Disorders, Nuclear Abnormalities, and Cytoplasmic Abnormalities (including Döhle bodies).
Do you want me to move on next to “Ingested Materials – Neutrophils → Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities (Pelger-Huët, Alder-Reilly, etc.)”?
Sources
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Great 👍 Let’s continue in the exact same word-locked style. Here’s the next set of flashcards from the slides Ingested Materials – Neutrophils → Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities (Pelger-Huët through Alder-Reilly):
Ingested Materials – Neutrophils
84What materials can be ingested by neutrophils?
Histoplasma capsulatum, Platelet satellitism, Yeast, Bacilli
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Inherited Qualitative Abnormalities
85What are examples of inherited qualitative abnormalities?
Pelger Huët Anomaly, Alder-Reilly Anomaly, May-Hegglin Anomaly, Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Pelger-Huët Anomaly
86What is the nuclear abnormality in Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Hyposegmentation of neutrophil nucleus
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
87What is the inheritance pattern of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Autosomal Dominant
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
88Is Pelger-Huët anomaly symptomatic?
Asymptomatic (fully functional)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
89What is the heterozygous state of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Heterozygous state: Bi-lobed nucleus, Dense heterochromatin, Incomplete nuclear segmentation aka “dumbbell” or “pince-nez”
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
90What is the homozygous state of Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Homozygous state: Nucleus is round or oval, No segmentation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Pelger-Huët Anomaly – Additional Details
91How does nuclear chromatin appear in Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Nuclear chromatin is exceptionally coarse and condensed – it is a mature cell
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
92What other cells could Pelger-Huët anomaly be confused with?
Could be confused with Band or Myelocyte
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
93What percentage of neutrophils are affected in Pelger-Huët anomaly?
Pelger-Huët – 70 to 90% neutrophils affected
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
94What is pseudo-Pelger-Huët?
“Pseudo-Pelger-Huët”: Induced by drugs
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
95In which conditions is pseudo-Pelger-Huët seen?
Seen in patients with HIV, tuberculosis & Mycoplasma pneumonia, severe bacterial infections
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
96What disorders is pseudo-Pelger-Huët secondary to?
Secondary to myelodysplastic syndromes, acute leukemias & chronic myeloproliferative disorders
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Alder-Reilly Anomaly
97What is the inheritance pattern of Alder-Reilly anomaly?
Autosomal Recessive
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
98What is abnormal in Alder-Reilly anomaly?
Abnormally large metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm of: Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
99What causes the abnormal granules in Alder-Reilly anomaly?
Incomplete degradation of mucopolysaccharides
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
100What do mucopolysaccharide deposits appear as?
Mucopolysaccharide deposits (granules) in most cells
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
101Does Alder-Reilly anomaly affect leukocyte function?
Leukocyte function is unaffected
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Alder-Reilly Anomaly – Additional Details
102How do Alder-Reilly anomaly granules appear in WBCs?
Deep-purple to lilac granules appear in WBCs
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
103What cells may Alder-Reilly anomaly resemble?
May resemble promyelocytes or heavy toxic granulation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
104How do toxic granulation and Alder-Reilly differ?
Neutrophilia, Döhle bodies and left shift = toxic granulation; Alder-Reilly = granules can be found in lymphocytes and monocytes
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
105How common is Alder-Reilly anomaly?
Very rare
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
✅ That finishes Ingested Materials → Pelger-Huët → Alder-Reilly slides with every word included.
Do you want me to continue with May-Hegglin Anomaly → Chediak-Higashi Syndrome → Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) next?
Sources
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Excellent 🙌 Let’s continue in the exact same word-locked style, making sure every single word from the slides is included. Here’s the next section: May-Hegglin Anomaly → Chediak-Higashi Syndrome → Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).
May-Hegglin Anomaly
106What platelet abnormalities are seen in May-Hegglin anomaly?
Giant and bizarre platelets, may be hypogranular
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
107What is the inheritance pattern of May-Hegglin anomaly?
Autosomal Dominant (rare)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
108What type of disorder is May-Hegglin anomaly?
Platelet Disorder
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
109What blood abnormality can be seen in May-Hegglin anomaly?
Leukopenia with large basophilic inclusions
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
110What type of thrombocytopenia occurs in May-Hegglin anomaly?
Variable thrombocytopenia with giant forms
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
111What are the symptoms in May-Hegglin anomaly?
Patients are usually asymptomatic or have mild bleeding disorders
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome – General Features
112What is the inheritance pattern of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Autosomal Recessive
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
113How common and severe is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Rare, fatal
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
114What is abnormal in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Characterized by abnormal fusion of granules in most cells that contain granules throughout the body
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
115How do the fused granules appear in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Fused granules are large and mostly dysfunctional
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
116Which cells are affected in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Hematopoietic cells are affected
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
117Where else are disease manifestations found in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Hair, skin, adrenal and pituitary glands, and nerves
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome – Functional Defects
118What is defective in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Dysfunctional phagocytosis & inefficient bacterial destruction
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
119What is the immune consequence of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Increased susceptibility to infection (immunodeficient)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
120What pigment abnormality occurs in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Albinism
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
121What nervous system feature is found in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Peripheral neuropathy
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
122What defect is seen in platelets in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Platelet dense granules
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
123What bleeding tendency occurs in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Tendency to bleed
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
124What is abnormal in melanocytes in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Melanocytes: Variable albinism
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
125When do neurologic complications develop in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Neurologic complications develop through childhood
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome – Microscopic Findings
126What abnormal granules are seen in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Giant lysosomal granules in all WBCs
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) – General Features
127What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Rare X-linked or Autosomal Recessive
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
128What is the neutrophil morphology in CGD?
Neutrophil Morphology is usually normal
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
129What is decreased in CGD?
Decreased ability of phagocytes to produce NADPH oxidase (kills microorganisms)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
130What infections are seen in CGD?
Recurring bacterial & fungal infections
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
131What happens to bacteria ingested by phagocytes in CGD?
Bacteria are not killed on ingestion
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
132What happens to the bacteria in CGD instead of being destroyed?
Remain encased in granulomas – localize bacteria
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
133What can granulomas do in CGD?
These may rupture and release live bacteria and pus
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) – Diagnostic Features
134How does WBC morphology appear in CGD?
Morphology: Normal WBC morph or Neutrophilia with toxic changes (as seen in bacterial infection)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
135What test is used to diagnose CGD?
Use Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test or flow cytometry to diagnose this condition
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
✅ That completes May-Hegglin anomaly → Chediak-Higashi → CGD.
Do you want me to move on next to Qualitative Changes in Monocytes → Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages → Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)?
Sources
You said:
yes
ChatGPT said:
Perfect 👍 I’ll continue in the same strict word-locked style. Here’s the next section: Qualitative Changes in Monocytes → Functional Abnormalities in Macrophages → Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV).
Qualitative Changes – Monocytes
136When do reactive changes in monocytes occur?
Reactive changes during infection, recovery from BM aplasia or post GM-CSF
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
137What nuclear change is seen in reactive monocytes?
Nuclear Contortion
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
138What cytoplasmic change is seen in reactive monocytes?
Increased cytoplasmic volume
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
139What happens to cytoplasmic granules in reactive monocytes?
Increased numbers of cytoplasmic granules
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
140What evidence of phagocytic activity is seen in monocytes?
Cytoplasmic vacuolation, intracellular debris, and irregular cytoplasmic borders
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Functional Abnormalities – Macrophages
141What diseases show functional abnormalities in macrophages?
Lysosomal storage diseases
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
142What causes lysosomal storage diseases?
Enzyme deficiencies
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
143What accumulates in cells in lysosomal storage diseases?
Phagocytized material accumulates in cells due to incomplete degradation
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
144Where are abnormal macrophages and monocytes found in lysosomal storage diseases?
In BM & spleen
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Infectious Mononucleosis (I.M.) – General Features
145What causes infectious mononucleosis?
Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
146What percentage of the world population does EBV infect?
EBV infects >90% of world population
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
147Who is usually infected by EBV? Usually young children
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Who is usually infected by EBV? Usually young children
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
148Which cells does EBV preferentially infect?
EBV preferentially infects B lymphocytes by attaching to CD21 receptors
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
149What lymphocyte response occurs in infectious mononucleosis?
Lymphocyte proliferation (NK, T CD4, T CD8)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
150What antibodies are produced in infectious mononucleosis?
Production of heterophile antibodies in serum
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
151What do heterophile antibodies react with? Heterophile antibodies react with RBCs from horse or sheep: principle of Mono test
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Infectious Mononucleosis (I.M.) – Hematologic Features
What do heterophile antibodies react with? Heterophile antibodies react with RBCs from horse or sheep: principle of Mono test
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Infectious Mononucleosis (I.M.) – Hematologic Features
152What is the hallmark of infectious mononucleosis?
Hallmark is reactive lymphs
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
153What is the WBC count in infectious mononucleosis? WBC count is usually elevated (10–30 × 10⁹/L)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
What is the WBC count in infectious mononucleosis? WBC count is usually elevated (10–30 × 10⁹/L)
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
154What type of lymphocytosis is seen in infectious mononucleosis?
Absolute lymphocytosis
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
155How does lymphocyte morphology appear in infectious mononucleosis?
Wide variation in lymphocyte morphology
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Reactive Lymphocyte
156What type of lymphocyte appears in infectious mononucleosis?
Reactive Lymphocyte
WBC lec_2_BM, NON-Malignant WBC…
Plasmacytoid Lymphocyte
157What other lymphocyte type may be seen in infectious mononucleosis?
Plasmacytoid Lymphocyte