1Which areas of the body are generally considered sterile and free of microbes?
lower respiratory tract, internal organs and tissues, upper urinary blood, and cerebral spinal fluid.
2Candida albicans is a member of the normal microbiota of humans. Why does this yeast not normally cause disease in humans?
because of antagonism
3Why is Staphylococcus aureus considered an opportunistic pathogen while Yersinia pestis is not?
since S.aureus is a resident (always there) and Y. pestis is a pathogen associated with infection.
4If a pathogen is capable of producing coagulase would this enzyme help it adhere to the host?
no
5Why wouldn't this enzyme help it adhere to host?
since coagulase isn't used for adherence.
6Why is pain a symptom and not a sign of disease?
it cant be detected or measured
7Why is fever a sign and not a symptom of disease?
it can be measured
8Is rash a sign or symptom of disease?
sign
9What is the substrate of the enzyme hyaluronidase?
hyaluronic acid
10Which enzyme discussed in lecture destroys blood clots?
kinases
11Which enzyme discussed in lecture causes blood clotting?
coagulase
12What effect do superantigens have on the body?
non-specifically stimulate t-cell to release massive amount of cytokines
13Which component of an A-B exotoxin is the active enzyme that damages the target cell?
A "Active"
14Which component of an A-B exotoxin binds the toxin to its target?
B "binding"
15What component found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is toxic to humans?
lipid A
16Which class of exotoxin includes tetanospasmin?
neurotoxin
17If a microbe can produce all the enzymes discussed in lecture would it be more or less virulent than a microbe with a glycocalyx that can produce all of the enzymes?
it'd be less virulent
18Why less virulent than a microbe with a glycocalyx that can produce all the
enzyme?
glycocalyx is adding to cloak of invisibility
19Does the number of microbes that gain access to the host contribute to the virulence of a pathogen?
No
20In which stages of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?
incubation and convalescence stage
21During which stages of disease is a patient infective to others?
all stages of infection
22A disease with rapid onset and recovery (or death) would be classified as acute or chronic?
acute
23What branch of science investigates the when, where, and how diseases occur?
epidemiology
24Why is HIV considered a communicable infection while Lyme disease is not communicable?
since its not contagious so it can be only be spread host to host (i.e. needle sharing, unprotected sex)
25Why is HIV communicable but not contagious?
since its not easily transmitted
26In 2016 there were a total of 153 cases of Chikungunya virus infection in the U.S. Is this a measure of the incidence or prevalence of Chikungunya?
prevalence
27Epidemic
Greater frequency than expected for a given place and time period
28endemic
happens in specific region with regular occurance
29Can a person who appears healthy be a reservoir of infection?
yes
30What is the best reservoir of human pathogens?
human carriers
31Can a hospital be a reservoir of infection?
yes
32Which kind of reservoir of infection was typhoid Mary?
carrier
33Pathogens that gain access to the body through the skin often enter through hair _____________ or __________ glands.
follicles or sweat
34What is the most frequently used portal of entry for human pathogens?
mucus membrane
35What is the portal of entry of the poliovirus?
intenstinal mucosa
36vehicle transmission
nonliving transmission via air/water/soil
37vector transmission
bug transmitted via dirty feet or body since bugs are in contact with feces
38What are some common fomites in a hospital environment?
needles, kleenex, and drinking cups
39What kind of transmission involves a bite from a tick?
vector
40What is the difference between a fomite and a vector?
fomite is nonliving while vector are living insects
41Transmission of influenza via someone sneezing directly in front of you would be an example of ________________ transmission.
droplet
42Which kind of transmission does not involve the pathogen growing inside the vector?
mechanical vector
43An infection acquired during hospitalization is a(n) _______________?
HAI
44What are the main contributors to the incidence of nosocomial infection?
direct/indirect contact (worker/patient to patient/worker), pathogens, and sick people
45According to numerous studies, what is the best way to prevent HAI’s?
hand washing
46Numerous studies have shown that the best way to prevent HAI’s is?
hand washing
47Which is more effective at removing microbes from the hands, hand rubbing or hand washing?
hand rubbing
48Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis may progress to which systemic diseases?
scarlet or rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, necrotizing fasciitis,
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
49What is route of transmission associated with subacute endocarditis?
parenteral (dental)
50What is the best way to prevent dental caries?
oral hygenine (brushing and flossing) and flurodie treatments
51Which microbe is the most common cause of dental caries?
Steptococcus mutans
52How many types of coronavirus have been identified?
7
53Which coronavirus is the cause of COVID-19?
SAR-CoV 2
54Why do cold viruses cause flu-like symptoms?
because of the release of interferons
55What age group is most vulnerable to death due to pertussis?
babies under 12 months old
56What is the infectious dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
1-10 bacilli
57Where do tubercles form?
the lungs
58Approximately how many people in the world are infected with M. tuberculosis
1.7 mil people in 2018 worldwide
59Which of the following would be the most likely source of staphylococcal food poisoning and why? Potato salad, ham cold cuts, or bread?
ham since it has high salt and protein content
60Is Staphylococcal enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus growing in the intestines?
its growing outside the body
61Which organ is affected by acute endocarditis?
heart
62furuncle
small boil on outside of body
63carbuncle
boil that goes under skin and is invasive
64Folliculitis of the eyelid is a ___________.
stye
65I.V. drug users are very susceptible to acute endocarditis. Why?
since needle is contaminated it pushes microbe into viens
66What organ is affected by Staphylococcal acute endocarditis?
heart
677-10 years after a person has measles, they may develop what life-threatening complication?
SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis )
68What is the best prevention for measles?
vaccine
69Which virus causes the measles?
morbillivirus
70What is the relationship between chickenpox and shingles?
same virus but shingles is latent
71What are the signs of chickenpox?
lesion in middle of body
72What type of human cells are the targets of tetanospasmin?
Inhibitory interneurons of the CNS
73Which microbe causes lockjaw?
clostridium tetani
74What toxin is responsible for HUS?
shiga toxin
75What is the best method to prevent the spread of C. diff?
washing hands
76How can rotavirus infection be prevented in infants?
vaccine
77What is the #1 cause of diarrhea in the United States?
norovirus or rotavirus
78What are some possible outcomes for the liver in a patient with untreated hep C?
liver scarring(cirhosis) and cancer
79Why is jaundice a sign of hepatitis B infection?
because it causes liver damage which leads to too much bilirubin
80What is the characteristic sign of Lyme disease that often appears near the bite-site?
bullseye rash
81What is the reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi?
field mice
82A swelling of the brain that may lead to death is termed _________________.
encephalitis
83Which organ is most affected by meningitis?
brain
84Which organism(s) can cause meningitis?
neisseria meningitidis
85How many cases of polio result in paralysis?
less than 1% of cases
86What is the vector of West Nile virus?
culex mosquitos
87Untreated chlamydia infection can lead to trachoma. What is trachoma?
eye disease caused by chlamydia which leads to blindess
88Which sexual partner is more likely to experience symptoms of gonorrhea infection?
male partners
89What type of cancer does the HPV vaccine prevent?
cervical, anal, and oropharynx