Theories Exam 1

ethical

do i do business with a client

do i get in a relationship with a client

legal

moral

-Respect autonomy
- Do no harm
- Benefit others
- Be fair (each person is equally worthy of our help)
- Be faithful (have to be trained when you say you are)

detrimental, unethical
having a romantic relationship with a client

helpful or neutral and unavoidable
ex. school counselor does a home visit and is offered food

conflicts of interest

- state dependent
- length of time records must be kept, disposition of records, nature of records
- objective observations
- your documentation holds power

misrepresentation

-competence
- throughfulness around fit (not just one theory works)
- Individualization around treatment planning
-specific populations
- critique of research

a group of logically organized laws or relationships that constitute explanation in discipline

- rules
-relatively comprehensive
- straightforward assumptions around observations
-terminology
-used to understand and facilitate

-understanding human behavior
- facilitating change
- giving a specific set of tools for therapist's tool kit
- providing consistency for those seeking support or understanding

Freud

-Psychoanalysis (Freud)
- Innate drives: biological instint to seek satisfaction
- Self perservative drives: what we do to live (eat, breathe)
- species-perservative drives: sexuality
- death (aggression toward others or oneself) --> cant look away from a bad accident

bringing unconscious material into conscious (what's available to us) awareness

parental values and society standards

mediator, reality principle (wanting to break things but weighing pros and cons)

pleasure principle

anxiety

deterministic and influenced by unconscious processes

unconscious

anxiety

defense mechanisms and results in neuroses

unconscious forces (biological + instinctual forces + drives)

the principal determinants of behavior and underlie the dynamic conflicts such as competition and jealousy

early childhood experiences

excessive use of defensive mechanisms, which uses up libido, which makes ordinary life challenges

birth to 12 months
- infant's pleasure centers on mouth (sucking)

1-3 years
child's pleasure focuses on anus from elimination (toilet training)

3-6 years
-child's pleasure focuses on genitals (penis envy)

child represses seuxal interest and develops social and intellectual skills
7-11 years

-puberty onward
- a time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family

- free association
- empathy fed transference ( i think i remind u of someone)
- dream interpretation
- listening/interpreting resistance

- difficult to design effectiveness research
-length/frequency of session and expense
- Freud's view of women
-theory built on narrow geography (race and time)
- limited consideration of cultural and societal factors
- limited in application when translated to other languages
-heteronormative

-developed analytic psychology
- emphasized the collective unconscious
- emphasized the role of spirituality on mental health

psyche

personality (Jung)

- conscious (focus on ego)
- personal unconscious (memories that can be recalled)
- collective unconscious (universal themes)

archetypes--> mother (nurturing); hero (chamption, rescuer)

introversion vs. extroversion

- bringing unconscious material into consciousness
- integration o fpersonal and collective unconscious
- bringing about individuation

-flexible
-use of personal info around psyches to guide
- personal and humane (wounded healer)
- individual and patient-oriented

- influence of inferiority, superiority in personality development
***Emphasis on equality, education (school counseling work focuses on Adler)

- how a person adapts to obstacles in life and ways in which he creates solutions and means for acheiving goals
- developed in early childhood
- impacted by striving for superiority or overcoming inferiority

aptitude (ability to observe), ability, and secondary dynamic characteristics

individuals have innate ability for cooperation and social living, and early experiences shape how social interaction occurs later in life

individuals try to overcome physical inferiorities (weaknesses) or social inferiorities through motivation to acheive, striving for perfection. not a weakness in and of itself, unless it becomes a complex

physical disabilities, pampering, neglect

someone getting a nutritionist to help weight lost which results in an eating disorder

someone focusing too much on school and ignoring friends

- has an impact on how a child relates to society and develop their style of life
***- perceived role in family and context of a family situation impacts personality

- increase self-awareness
- optimistic life view
- change basic mistakes
- the development or enhancement of the client's social interest
-goal directed progress
- increasing the client's social interest, striving for superiority, and enhancing the style of life through optimism

- one between equals
- empathetic
-hollistic
-encouraging
- mutual trust
- collaborative on learning and teaching around goals

- family dynamics and mapping
- early memories
- dream analysis
- evaluation of basic mistakes

- limited evidence based research
- focus is on individuals, and this limits effectiveness in cultures that value collectivism
- time consuming (often 2x a week) even if most frequently brief

-Adler
-Jung
-Freud

- believes that each person has capacity and deisre for personal growth and change
-***nondirective, empathetic approach to empower and motivate

carl rogers

stepped away from traditional view of therapist as expert and instead emphasized empathy and nondirective stances
- congruence with "ideal self" , concept of self-actualization

letting the client be their own unique selves and experiencing them without judgement or reproach

understood and not judged and when congruence exists

-therapist shouldn't choose goals of the client, but help them define and clarify their own goals
- goals should be expected to change as the client progresses through counseling
- hope to support client becoming a congruent, self-accepting person

- increase the independence and integration of the client
- create the conditions necessary for positive growth through non-directive communication

- diagnosis not necessary
- client's self-assessment is most important

person-centered

over time, client becomes more congruent which can occur at different paces with different issues

-non-directive approach isn't for everyone
- conditions to change aren't consisten and are subject to difficulty/out influence
- empthaty, genuineness, expression of acceptance, and focus on individual can be considered culture specific values

psychological experiences can be understood, described, and explained through observable behavior and its associations with environmental stimuli and occurences

a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one (Pavlov)

a type of learning in which behavior is altered by systematically changing consequences (skinner)

kid acts up, gets spanked

getting stickers for chores

bad headache, take tylenol

late to class, take away points

- focus is on study of not easily observed behavior (such as learning that takes place within the person), such as psychological responses, thinking, and feeling
- invidiuals learn by observing others

- Attention
- Retention
- Motor Reproduction
- Motivation

1. performance accomplishments
2. vicarious experiences
3. verbal persuasion (being told we can do it)
4. lowering emotional arousal (grounded)

- identify target behaviors (behaviors that can be defined clearly and accurately)
- evaluate the behavior, antecedents, and consequences (functional analysis)
- to use behavioral techniques to improve situation (either a behavior or condition)

joseph wolpe

-designed for extreme anxiety or fear of specific or generalized fears
- clients replace anxious feelings with relaxation, through gradual degree and relaxation, hiearchy, construction, and desensitization

- not gradual
- client is exposed to mental image of frightening/anxiety producing objects and continue to experience it as anxiety diminsihes

- procedures occuring in environment, approaching the feared stimuli gradually
- client can learn and practice relaxation techniques to use with the event

- gradual exposure to feared stimuli through computer generated stimuli

means to deal with stressful or difficult situations after therapist modeling then client practicing and repeating
- made by Meichenbaum

clients practice responses to mild stressors

dialectices (integration of 2 opposing forces) and beahvior (use of behavioral methods to change self-destructive behavior)

- ethical issues: often used with individuals who can't give permission for therapeutic change
- strict application can feel cold to some
- often integrated into other treatments, even unintentionally

- Aaron Beck
- seeks affective and behavioral change through dysfunctional thoughts / belief systems

- psychological distress caused by an interacting combination of biological, environmental, and social factors
- ineffective or maladaptive assumptions are triggered by stress, and influenced by early childhood events

thoughts that occur spontaneously without effect or choice

how individuals think about world, important belief and assumptions about people, events, and environments
- individuals are not generally aware of them

- collaborative, caring
- change thinking patterns (trying to rewire a computer)
- restructive belief

- remove biases/cognitive distortions
- change schemas
- improve function, efficiency, and quality of life

collaborative a joint scientific explanation

- cognitive triad (negative view of self, world, and future)
- negative self schemas
- errors in logic

anxiety and depression

- therapists should be aware of role conflicts and oppressive systems when evaluating schemas (gender, race)
- cultural or spirtitual values and beliefs can be seen as cultural or spiritual schemas

person centered and constructivist

a group of therapy appproaches that reflect thinking that the client's way of viewing problems/solutions affects the clients experience of their "problems"
focus is on implementing solutions

focus on solution rather than problem
take one step at a time
positive view of the future, practical, flexible

- goals are clear and well-defined
- collaborative
- often small to meet several quickly and progress is rated and complimented

an approach to therapy in which clients stories contain problems; telling the same story from different points of view or emphasizing different aspects of stories allows clients to work thru problems

1. reality is socially constructed
2. reality is communicated thru language
3. stories and narritives help us make sense of our experience
4. there is no objective reality

help client see their lives/stories as positive, not "problem saturated"