Freshwater Algae Ecology Final

-Filamentous green algae (Chlorophyta)
-1500 species
-“Cladophora is one of the most common genera and species of green algae in the world (freshwater and marine).”
-Considered a nuisance algae-> growth promoted by phosphorus (ex. people washing clothes in freshwater systems), which can cause growth rate to double
-Often transported through ballast water
-Diatoms often hold onto cell wall
-First discovered in the Great Lakes

-Stores food, such as sugars/starchs, in Euglenoids
-Euglenoids

1. Pellicle = outer membrane
2. metaboly- the ability of some cells to alter their shape.

Karenia brevis. Breva toxin.

Ankistrodesmus; Chlorophyta

-Euglena sanguinea
-astaxanthin

Comasiella; Chlorophyta

Quadrigula; Chlorophyta

Parvodinium; Dinoflagellate

Brachysira; Diatom

Marine

Luticola; Diatoms

Consume prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis) as well as photosynthesis; Chrysophytes, Haptophytes, and Dinoflagellates

Euglenaformis; Euglenoids

Elakatothrix; Charophyta

Bacteria; Has a gullet with stinging cells inside (ejectosomes)

Doesn’t make individual cell walls, organism is one cell; Vaucheria (except when branching)

Dinobryon (common name: golden-brown algae); Chrysophyte
-cells live in a lorica (casing around cells; housing)
-2 flagella: 1 short and 1 long; silicious; has an eyespot

Have 100 copies of every gene

Cyanobionts- cyanobacteria that live in symbiosis with a wide range of organisms
Have a reduced genome and have not been found outside their host

Flagella and centrioles

1. Cyanobacteria: Glycogen (sugar molecules)
2. Chrysophytes: Laminarin
3. Diatoms: Chrysolamarin and lipids (oil)
3. Chlorophyceae (green algae): Starch, amylopectin and lipids

Ulva; Chlorophyta; "Sea lettuce"

-The lichen Parmelia sulcata (fungi) contains Trebouxia (algae) as its photobiont
- green algae or cyanobacteria that provide the simple sugars to their fungal partners
-Symbiosis

Subsequent cell is smaller than original

Planktothrix; Cyanobacteria

Microspora; Chloropyta; Can be an ecological indicator of hydrology
-Undergo morphological changes that correlated to changes in wetland water levels
-Can have hardened mucilage

Tolypothrix; Cyanobacteria
-False branching can be caused by heterocyte

Grabs carbon dioxide and converts it to sugar

Dimorphococcus; Chlorophyta

Volvox; Chlorophyta

Synura; Chrysophyte

Pediastrum; Chlorophyta

Tetradesmus; Chlorophyta

Mougeotia; Charophyta

Onychonema; Charophyta

Spondylosium; Charophyta

Coelosphaerium; Cyanobacteria

Chroococcopsis; Cyanobacteria

Fortiea; Cyanobacteria

Coleofasciculus; Cyanobacteria

Penium; Charophyta

Gas vescicle = aerotope

Centric, eunotoid, araphid, and raphid (monoraphid and biraphid (symmetrical biraphids and asymmetrical biraphids))

Central area- area at centre of valve, between the central raphe endings and the central striae.

Discoid- Round chloroplast shape

Pandorina; Chlorophyta

-Silica deposition vesicle (SDV)-Silica structure formation takes place inside this membrane-bound organelle, a modified golgi apparatus w/ a template to make the patterning
-Cell walls are rigid and resistent to acid
-Diatoms absorb silica as a liquid (often from sand)
-Has 4 membranes around the outside of cell wall
-As spring ends, silica becomes limited and diatoms stop growing

"whirling“

No

Glaucocystis; Glaucophyta

To exchange nutrients and gasses (goes through pores)

A slit in the middle to allow for movement

Have NO raphe

-Most diverse protists on earth
-They produce 50% of the oxygen we breath (mostly from oceans)

-Chlorophyll, a, c’s, and carotenoids (xanthophylls that are brown)
-Extra membranes around the chromoplast
-Stack of three thylakoids
-Diatoms adapt to light and nutrients-> Chromoplast will adjust depending on light intensity

Spirulina; Cyanobacteria

Pseudanaebena; Cyanobacteria

Phormidium; Cyanobacteria

Oscillatoria; Cyanobacteria

Nostoc; Cyanobacteria

Epithemia; Diatom

Leptolyngbya; Cyanobacteria

Hyalotheca; Charophyta

Euastrum; Charophyta

Lipids and chrysolaminarin

-Diatoms are essential foods for invertebrates
-Diatoms feed zooplankton (most healthy for them/need the diatoms’ oil)

Geitlerinema; Cyanobacteria

Tetraspora; Charophyta

Secreted mucilage from the apical pore field which solidifies into a stalk

Invasive diatom which produces mucilaginous stalks, coating boats, rocks, etc.; "Rock snot"; Can alter habitat and food sources for fish and can make recreation difficult or unpleasant

Planktonic diatoms excrete nano fibrules, or B-chitin, to stay in the water column, due to heavy silica cell walls

Achnanthidium; Diatom
Secretes a stalk to attach to plants and other algae

Straight down the middle of the diatom (right in half), from end to end

Slots/holes on diatoms-a mesh of silica to allow for nutrient and gas exchange (diatoms), but to keep out pathogens, etc.

Cyclotella; Diatom

Cymbella; Diatom

Desmodesmus; Chlorophyta

Dinobryon; Chrysophyte

Coelastrum; Chlorophyta

Striae- Silica “lines” across diatoms

Holds two valves together

Gomphoneis; Diatom; Has a large apical pore and can create big stalks (to attach to rocks)

Pseudopediastrum; Chlorophyta

Osmoregulation

Long flagella

Prymnesium; Haptophyte; has a haptonema that comes out to stab prey; if it forms a bloom, it can kill fish (ichthyotoxin)
Typically find in coastal environments or where there’s higher salinity

Chromoplasts have 4 membranes because of endosymbiosis

Mallomonas; Chrysophyte
-Has scales, and spines coming off the scales; special membrane that lays down the pattern->specific to each species

Synura; Chrysophyte
-Creates scales for armor; motile; plastids; taste and odor producers- fishy smell in water (Synuraphyte)

Valve view and girdle view

Sediment coreing
-Can see their tolerance
-Can date core samples and reconstruct time period, looking at the diatoms at different water depths
2. Respond quickly to environmental changes; sensitive

Pseudo-nitzschia; Diatom; Can cause human poisoning cases (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, or ASP)

Ornamental resting stage; adverse environmentl conditions (i.e. drought); indicator of past climate through reconstruction of cores

A clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface

Hantzschia; Diatom; "Banana with a zipper"
Often found in wet soil

Lagynion; Chrysophyte
- Lives on sand grains/attached to plants; network of structures (amoeba-like) coming out the top to grab onto things and feed
-Secretes mucilage to attach as well; looks like a little flask/decanter

Some algae can be used to make biofuels (ex. Chlorella)

Even many benthic organisms in complete darkness will often produce chlorophyll a in case they ever get into the light again (survival instinct)

Phycocyanin (can have a bluish hue) and phycoerythrin (pink-red hue); Cyanobacteria, Rohodophytes, Cryptophytes

Chroococcus; Cyanobacteria

Gloeocytis; Chlorophyta

Draparnaldia; Chlorophyta

Phacus; Euglenoid

Nitzschia; Diatom

Neidium; Diatom

Nephroselmis; Chlorophyta

Oedogonium; Chlorophyta

Cylindrospermum; Cyanobacteria

-Photosynthetic, but large amount are mixotrophic-consume prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis) as well as photosynthesis
-Have 100 copies of every gene (large nucleus)
-1 long trailing flagella (longitudinal) , and 1 going around the middle (transverse)
-Triploblastic body stinging cells outside known as nematocysts
-Many have plates on them with pores
-Some dinoflagellates also exhibit bioluminescence
-Have 3 membranes

4

Rare, freshwater algae retaining the most ancestral features of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes or Archaeplastida

-Chlorophyll a, c, and carotenoids
-Chromoplasts

Bulbochaete; Chlorophyta

Chlorococcum; Chlorophyta

Ophiocytium; Xanthophyte

Eucapsis; Cyanobacteria

Synedra; Diatom

Synechocystis; Cyanobacteria

Sorastrum; Chlorophyta

Pinnularia; Diatom

Oocystis; Chlorophyta

Geitlerinema; Cyanobacteria

Komvophoron; Cyanobacteria

symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other

3

Stress/adverse environmental conditions: lipid production/shut down and wait for better times

Anabaena; Cyanobacteria

Amphora; Diatom

Staurosira; Diatom

Limnnothrix; Cyanobacteria

Desmidium; Charophyta

Closterium; Charophyta

Leptolyngbya; Cyanobacteria

Aphanocapsa; Cyanobacteria

Aphanothece; Cyanobacteria

Spirogyra; Chlorophyta

Zygnema; Charophyta

Micrasterias; Charophyta

Botryococcus; Chlorophyta

Chlorella; Chlorophyta

Aphanochaete; Chlorophyta

Hemidinium; Dinoflagellate

Chrysoxys; Chrysophyte
-cells live and move around in “tubes”, clear tubing that appears like sheath; appears similar to Dinobryon, but NO lorica; has an eyespot

Dimorphococcus; Chlorophyta

Staurastrum; Charophyta

Asterococcus; Chlorophyta

Chlamydomonas; Chlorophyta

Visheria; Eustigmatophytes

Navicula; Diatom

Diploneis; Diatom

Encyonema; Diatom

Gyrosigma; Diatom

Eunotia; Diatom

Gomphonema; Diatom

Gymnodinium; Dinoflagellates

Lepocinclis; Euglenoid

Tetraedron; Chlorophyta

Mastogloia; Diatom

Stauroneis; Diatom

Fragilaria; Diatom

Ochromonas; Chrysophyte

Gloeothece; Cyanobacteria

Epipyxis; Chrysophyte

Kirchneriella; Chlorophyta

Cosmarium; Charophyta

Lyngbya; Cyanobacteria

Trachelomonas; Euglenoid