Pysch Exam 2

any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience or practice

naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

stimulus with no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning

neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

disappearance or weakening of a learned response after the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

tendency to reopen to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the response

tendency to stop making a generalized repsonse to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stiumulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

the learning of a voluntary behavior through effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response

little albert developed fear for all things white and furry

classical conditioning demonstrates that two events are related, while operant conditioning associates a voluntary response with a reinforcement

addition of a pleasant stimulant

removal, escape, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

any event or object that makes a response less likely to happen again by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus

any event or object that makes a response less likely to happen again by the removal of a pleasant stimulus

works due to meeting a basic biological need

works after paired with a primary reinforcer

highest response rate when reinforcement consistently depends on the number of responses

continuously high response rate when reinforcement inconsistently depends on the number of responses

slow response rate when reinforcement consistently depends on timing of the responses

slow but steady response rate when reinforcement inconsistently depends on the timing of the responses

learning new behavior by watching someone perform that behavior

system that receives info from the senses, makes it useable, organizes it to store for later, and then retrieves it later from storage

transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

maintaining information in memory

bringing stored material to mind

brief memory of a visual image that lasts no more than half a second

the brief sensory memory of audible sounds that lasts about 4 seconds

select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

limited research shows that memory can hold up to 7 objects and lasts from 12 to 30 seconds

way of increasing the number of retrieval cues for info by conecting new info with something that one already knows well

practice of saying info to be remembered over and over in one’s head to keep info in short-term memory

stimulus for remembering

info must be pulled from memory with very few external cues

ability to match a piece of info or stimulus to a stored image or act

tendency for info at the start of the piece to be remembered more accurately

tendency for info at the the end of the piece to be remembered more accurately

highly accurate memories that occurs because an event has strong emotional associations to another memory

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace has not been retrieved

when older info prevents the learning or retrieval of newer info

when new info prevents the retrieval of older info

mental activity that happens in the brain when a person is processing info

ideas representing a class or category

an example of a concept that closely matches the characteristics of the concept

one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

step-by-step procedures to find solution

an educated guess based on prior experiences

stereotyping

tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future

starting with the goal to find the solution

problems only have one answer and try to find it

creating many ideas or possibilities to solve a problem

ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations or solv problems

general or specific intelligence

intelligence is comprised of distinct domains and abilities

analytical, creative, or practical intelligence

rules governing the structure and use of language

basic units of sound

rules for combining words and phrases

rules to determine meaning of words or sentences

rules that involve the practical ways of communication with others

way of talking that is higher-pitched, repetitious, and sing-song

cell resulting from the union of ovum and sperm

one zygote splits into two

two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm

union of the ovum and sperm

first 2 weeks after fertilization when zygote moves to the uterus and implants in the uterine lining

2 to 8 weeks after fertilization where major organs and structure of fetus starts to develop

first 8 weeks of fetal development where certain environmental influence are impactable

any factor that can cause a birth defect

most sensory abilities are fairly well developed at birth except vision

children go through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concerte operations stage, formal operations stage

willing to explore but upset by caregiver departure and comforted upon return

willing to explore and reacts little to caregiver departure or return

unwilling to explore and is very upset by caregiver departure and return

feared and unsure how to react upon caregiver departure or return

young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

young people believe that others are just as concerned about their thoughts as much as they are

preconventional, conventional morality, and postconventional morality

parent is rigid, strict, and shows little warmth

parent makes few or no demands on a child’s behavior

parents combine warmth and firm limits on child’s behavior

process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs are met

requirement of some material that is essential for survival

psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates action

behavior arises from internal drives to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension

humans have several levels of needs they must meet before achieving the highest level of personal fulfillment

point that is seldom reached, at which people have fully satisfied all needs and achieved their full human potential

aspect of consciousness known as feeling

seven basic and universal emotions