Psych test 2

If you needed to explain to your friend what the synapse is, what should you say?

Parkinson’s disease is to __________________ as schizophrenia is to ___________________.

Which phrase best describes how the action potential occurs?

The fact that most of us gain pleasure from eating and sexual activity is at least partially due to the effects of neurotransmitters. Which one of the following is the most likely source of this pleasure?

The action of tying your shoes is most likely to involve the _______________ system.

The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles and between the brain and the internal organs is the

The symptoms of depression that may follow heavy use of MDMA (ecstasy) may result from depleted levels of

How do neurotransmitters “communicate” with postsynaptic neurons?

d. speeds up neural signals.

Prozac inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. When you take Prozac, the effect of this drug will be to

Many sedative medications such as Valium exert their effects by acting on

If you have just witnessed a car accident, your heart rate and respiration rate are likely to be elevated due to _________________ nervous system activity.

Reflexive activity such as jerking your hand away from a hot stove is governed by the

The gap between adjacent neurons is called the

Dr. Adelman is biological psychologist who is most interested in studying the part of the neuron that receives input from other neurons. He is most likely to focus on which of the following?

Your college roommate likes to binge drink on Saturday nights. After one particularly bad weekend, she becomes concerned about the effects of so much alcohol on her brain. Knowing that you are studying the brain in psychology, she asks you to explain the effects of alcohol on the brain. You should tell her that alcohol affects the function of the neurotransmitter

The sympathetic nervous system activates a(n) _________________ response, and the parasympathetic nervous system activates a(n) _________________ response.

An action potential is a

On the dance floor, when you want to make an impressive dance move, information is sent through your __________________ neurons to make your muscles respond appropriately.

Neurotransmitters are most analogous to

If you have just completed a vigorous physical workout, your central nervous system is most likely to have

Alzheimer’s patients are often prescribed medications that are designed to improve awareness and memory. The neurotransmitter most likely affected by these drugs is

The parasympathetic nervous system

tissue destruction. A naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Used in sleep studies.

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan.

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. They scans show brain anatomy.

a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. These scans show brain function.

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing, responsible for automatic survival functions.

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal, such as waking you up and alerting your attention.

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; it's responsibility is coordinating movement output and balance control.

doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, drives, and memory.

lima bean-sized neural cluster in the limbic system; linked to fear and aggression.

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and temperature control) , and it is linked to emotion and reward.

1/4 inch fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebrum; the body's Ultimate Control and Information-processing center.

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

an area/strip at the rear of the frontal lobes (where you'd wear headphones) that controls voluntary movements.

area/strip at the front of the parietal lobes (where you'd wear headphones) that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

controls Language Expression—an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

controls Language Reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

the brain's ability to change and adapt, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them, usually cut due to uncontrollable seizures

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task such as movement or talking

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. May be used to detect fluid in brain, for example.

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, used to map pain centers.

type of neuron that carries information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

type of neuron that carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and joints

branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

extension of a neuron through which messages pass to other neurons (or muscles or glands), the longest part of the neuron

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

layer of fatty tissue encasing neuron fibers that enhances speed of neural transmission

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

junction between the terminal branches of axon of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neurons

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

body's electrochemical communication network consisting of nerve cells

brain and spinal cord make up the __________.

sensory and motor neurons that connect central nervous system to rest of the body

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles, voluntary movement

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glands and muscles of internal organs; involuntary

branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body; rest and digest

branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats; "flight or fight"

what are the two subdivision of the automonmic nervous system?

Names of the 4 lobes of the brain.

what are the two categories in the peripheral nervous system?

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information

The cell body of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information

A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Insulating material that encases some axons

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

Cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons

Found throughout the nervous system; the only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. Regulation of attention, arousal, and memory

Associated with dysregulation of ACh

Include three neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Neurons using these transmitters regulate many aspects of everyday behavior.

Contributes to voluntary control of movement. Cocaine and amphetemines elevate activity in synapse. Circuts in medial forebrain bundle called the "reward pathway"

Associated with dysregulation of dopamine

Contributes to modulation of mood arousal. Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity in synapses

Associated with dysregulation of norepinephrine

Involved in regulation of sleep/wakefulness, eating, and aggression. Prozac and antidepressants affect circuts

Disorders associated with serotonin

An amino acid; seems to produce only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Contributes to regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal. Valium, alcohol, and anxiety medications work at this receptor

Disorders associated with disregulation of GABA

An amino acid; seems to produce only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Resembles opiate drugs in structure/effects. Plays role in pain relief and response to stress. Contributes to regulation in eating behaviour

Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body

Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body

The part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons

Attaches to the spinal cord; controls largely unconscious but essential functions, such as breathing, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating circulation

Includes a bridge of fibers that connects the brainstem with the cerebellum

A relatively large and deeply folded structure located adjacent to the back surface of the brainstem

The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain

he largest and most complicated region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum

A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex

A structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs

A loosely connected network of structures roughly located along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas