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adenine and guanine, double ring structure

cytosine, thymine, uracil; single ring structure

A-T, G-C

A-U, G-C

monomer of dna, makes up nucleic acid

made of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

5’ connects with 3’

parental strand is the new template, keeps half and gets a new half

enzyme that assembles nucleotides, adds base pairs

enzyme that unwinds dna and breaks hydrogen bonds

enzyme that attaches rna primers to the dna strand

enzyme that binds molecules and acts as a sugar phosphate backbone

provides initation for dna polymerase to synthesize new strands

dna protein structure found at the end of chromosomes, not found in prokaryotes because they have circulae chromosomes

reads 3’ to 5’ but adds 5’ to 3’

synthesized 5’ to 3’ - added to 3’ end

phase that dna replication occurs in

the pair that allows dna to copy

order of enzymes in replication

where prokaryotes replicate

bond that holds nitrogen bases together

type of cell that has to process rna for translation

first step in rna process

where transcription occurs

what moves in transcription

where translation occurs

what happens in translation

region of dna upstream of a gene where proteins like rna polymerase bind to initiate transcription of the gene

rna polymerase - transcription start - start codon - coding - stop codon

coding section that is translated into protein

section that doesn’t code for protein and is spliced

rna-protein that removes introns from pre-rna

prokaryotes only have this

eukaryots have both of these

helps bring 2 subunits together

part of mrna that are read by tRNA

trna has this to bind to a codon

when ribosomes meet with mrna and the first trna to begin translatiob

amino acids are brought to the ribosome by trna and link to the a site

area with an exposed codon waiting for trna to form a peptide bond

the polypeptide is released to the cell

specific codons recognized by protein release factors which add a water molecule to the last amino acid to end

the monomer of a carb

the monomer of a protein

the monomer of a lipid

the monomer of DNA

the one base from the base pairs that is not found in translation

protein synthesis, Dna to rna to protein

a long chain of nucleotides added to mrna in the nucleus to keep the molecule stable

production of proteins based on genetic information in dna

unit made up of linked genes that code for proteins needed for a task

only expressed if lactose binds to the repressor

information in dna is expressed through which molecule

chemical tags that affect gene function and can be passed on

group that can inactivate or silence a gene

what allows a gene to be transcribed

bind to the distal control elements, interact with mediator complex to transcribe genes

dna sequence that promotes transcription, made up of distal control elements

short dna sequences that make up enhancers

process used to suppress gene expression

block transcription, silences genes

group that neutralizes positice charge and reduces binding between histones and dna

molecules that are used to inhibit gene expression, bind to target mRNA

things that make up viral particles

protein shell of a virus, which encloses its genetic material

type of virus that is double stranded and has to transcribe into RNA

type of virus that can skip the transcription process

unicellular, living organism; reproduces using binary fission, antibiotics used to kill or stop multiplying them

no cells, nonliving; invades host cell, copies rna/dna and destroys the host, antiviral used to stop it from making copies

virus that can insert its genetic information into the hosts genome

enzyme that transcribes rna into dna

virus dna becomes a part of the hosts dna

extrachromosomal dna, circular shape

bacteria cell replicates plasmid dna and transfers it to another bacterial cell

bacterial cells taking up dna from the environment and combining it with their own