Exam 4

change in populations over time

small genetic changes over short time scales

large genetic changes over long time scales

said all species could change, all living organisms exist on a Great Chain of Being

1) species arise via spontaneous generation, 2) all orgs possess "nervous fluid" which allows them to move up GCOB. 3) organisms develop adaptations through the use and disuse of organs, 4) these traits are inherited

introduced idea that species could change

geologist, wrote "Principles of Geology"

processes occuring now have been occuring since the dawn of time

freed slave that told Darwin stories about America

botanist and advisor to Darwin, was originally asked to go on HMS Beagle

captain of HMS Beagle, brought Darwin on as naturalist

Aristotle's GCOB

Usher said earth was created in 4004 BC due to calculations from bible

Darwin born and Lamarckian evolution

Darwin studies at Edinburg and Cambridge

HMS Beagle, Lyell comes to fame

Darwin spends time on Galapagos

Darwin is home, accepts that evolution occurs

Malthus publishes "Principle of Populations" , Darwin comes up w Nat Sel

humans grow exponentially, food grows lineally, humans will outgrow food supply (Darwin took idea and used animals instead)

Darwin gathering evidence for Nat Sel

Wallace sends Darwin letter

Darwin presents Nat Sel to linnean society

Darwin publishes Origin of Species

limited resources + overproduced offspring = competition; competition + heritability + variance = natural selection > adaptations > evolution

Fossil record, transitional fossils, radiometric dating, vestigial structures, homology, molecular evidence, biogeography, developmental biology, faulty plans

bias: aquatic animals, animals w hard parts; process: dies, buried quickly, sediment hardens, minerals replace organic tissues

Archaeopteryx, tiktaalik

downward curve graph thing ❤️

remnants of structures that had a function in ancestral organisms

structures in diff orgs are simliar bc of shared ancestry

the study of past/present distrubution of animals

continents move slowly over time

earth's crust is hard and thin, floats on semi-fluid mantle

evolution can't make a new structure when org encounters problems (hernia)

manipulating traits of animals

Galapagos finches with bigger beaks surviving in drought

changes in allele frequency over time

Said allele frequencies would eventually be .5

wanted to prove Yule wrong and had Hardy make a model proving him wrong

p + q = 1; p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

serves as null model (if right, allele frequency didn't change)

genetic drift, non-random mating, mutation, gene flow, natural selection

random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations

small group of individuals founds a new population and is genetically distinct

catastrophic event reduces population size and changes allele frequencies

individuals select a mate based on a particular phenotype (green hair / fire hair)

mating between genetically similar individuals

negative fitness consequences from inbreeding

organism chose mate based on preferences (size, bright males)

unpredictableandom changes in your DNA

movement of alleles between populations caused by migrations

mechanism where individuals better adapted to environment are more likely to survive

selection against the extremes; ex: birth weight

selection against one extreme; ex: soapberry bug

selection against the middle; ex: black bellied seed cracker

reciprocal selection

end result is extreme traits because of evolution

newt was poisonous, snake became resistant, newt became more poisonous, snake more resistant, etc

limb and body like monkey, no tail, ape teeth and head

oldest similar org, walk upright, opposable thumb + toe

males bigger than females, 3 derivatives but humans come from Aferensis

different molar/premolar structures, crude tools, change in genus bc it behaves and has structures more like humans

more advanced tools, lead to homo sapiens

didn't lead to humans, more advanced tools, mirgrated to Europe and Asia

huge skull, abrupt disappearance, some interbreeding w humans

arose in africa, caused decline of neanderthals and homo erectus