1metal + ligand =
complex
2ligands _____ the central ion and keep it in solution
stabilize
3complex ions consist of one of more _____ ____ (usually metals) and one or more _____ or ______ (called ligands)
central ions, ions/molecules
4why does complexation matter?
solubility/mobility, bioavailability, toxicity
5what is a mononuclear complex?
a complex with a single central metal ion
6what is a polynuclear complex?
a complex with more than one central metal ion
7what does the coordination number represent?
number of ligands attached to the central ion
8what is a monodentate ligand?
ligand is attached to metal ion at only one site on ligand
9what is a multidentate ligand?
ligand is attached to metal ion at multiple sites on ligand (aka chelating agents)
10a higher Kf indicates what?
a more stable complex
11what does S represent?
solubility of the metal
12how can you determine which metal is more soluble?
comparing S values
13what is solubility?
max concentration of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temp
14when is a solution understaurated and solids won't form?
when the calculated K is less than Ksp
15when is a solution overstaurated and solids will form?
when the calculated K is greater than Ksp
16precipitation will continue until ____
when the calculated K = Ksp (at equilibrium)
17what are the three factors affecting solubility?
common ion effect, diverse ion effect, and complex formation
18how does the common ion effect impact solubility?
the solubility of salts in pure water is different than waters already containing one or more of a salt's constituents
19how does the diverse ion effect impact solubility?
the solubility of salts can be affected by unrelated ions that are not involved in the solubility - addition of these ions affect ionic strength which affects activity
20how does complex formation affect solubility?
the solubility of a metal is the sum of all dissolved species including free and complex forms
21as ionic strength increases, solubility ____
increases
22as ionic strength increases, activity coefficients ___ and therefore the concentrations of the products ______ (activity is constant)
decrease, increase
23above the solubility boundary, there are __________ conditions, and solid ___ form
supersaturated, will
24what does oxidation mean?
loss of electrons
25what does reduction mean?
gain of electrons
26what is an oxidant?
an oxidizing agent which accepts electrons and is being reduced
27what is a reductant?
a reducing agent that donates electrons and is being oxidized
28what does aerobically mean?
oxygen is involved as an oxidant
29what are the steps to writing a balanced redox rxn?
determine oxidized vs reduced species, balance non-O and non-H atoms, balance O with H2O, balance H with H+, balance charges, cancels electrons, write overall
30what does {e-} measure?
availability of e-
31strong reductants have a ____ {e-}, ____ pE, and produces a _______ environment
high, small, reducing
32strong oxidants have a ____ {e-}, ____ pE, and produces a _______ environment
low, large, oxidizing
33a positive E knot means the rxn is ______
favorable
34what is the characteristics of a floc microstructure?
individual floc-forming microorganisms
35what is the characteristics of a floc macrostructure?
filamentous backbone
36what are some examples of protozoa?
amoeba, flagellates, free-swimming ciliates, crawling or stalked ciliates
37what are some examples of metazoa?
rotifers, nematodes, and waterbears
38why are protozoa useful?
they are indicators of toxicity and plant performance, they are also aerobic and eat bacteria
39what do saprophytic flagellates do?
degrade soluble organic matter
40what do carnivorous free ciliates and attached ciliates do?
feed on other protozoa
41what are signs of solids separation problems?
pinpoint floc, substaintial dispersed growth, viscous floc, and substantial filamentous bacterial growth
42what are 6 possible actions to combat foaming?
water spray, chlorination, defoamant, lower solids retention time, classifying selectors, thermal hydrolysis
43for a system at equilibrium, pE for the two half reactions must be ______
equal
44for any redox reaction in which OH- or H+ is involved pE is a function of __
pH
45O2 solubility decreases with the increase of ______
temp or salinity
46O2 solubility increases with the increase of _____
pressure
47how is oxygen depleted?
biologically (carbohydrate degradation and nitrification), chemically, physically (temp changes)
48how is COD measured?
colorimetric and then absorbance
49what is COD?
chemical oxygen demand which represents the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by chemical reactions in water
50what is the goal of chlorine in water treatment?
to inactivate microorganisms and pathogens to prevent spread of waterborne diseases
51what are the two forms of chlorine?
free and combined (reactions w ammonia)
52what is chromotagraphy?
analytical technique that separates components of a mixture
53what are the two phases used in chromatography?
mobile and stationary
54what are the primary components of a gas chromatograph?
carrier gas, sample injector, column, oven, detector, recorder
55what are pathogens?
microorganisms that cause illness
56what are indicator organisms?
microorganisms that are indicative of the presence of pathogens
57what are the three standard method for detecting coliforms?
membrance filter, multiple tube fermentation, and chromogenic substrates test (colilert test - used in lab) - reported as MPN
58what does a gram stain help identify?
gram positive (purple) vs gram negative (pink) bacteria
59what are the four solutions added to create a gram stain?
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol wash, safranin