1What is a nutrient?
Substance in food needed for growth, maintenance, and repair (includes vitamins, minerals, and water)
2What are essential nutrients?
Nutrients the body cannot synthesize and must be ingested
3How is energy in food measured?
In kilocalories (kcal); 1 Calorie = 1 kcal
4What are carbohydrates mainly used for?
To produce ATP (energy)
5Where are carbohydrates found?
Starch (plants), sugars (fruits, honey, milk)
6How much energy do carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal
7What happens to excess carbohydrates?
Stored as fat
8What are lipids used for?
Protection, insulation, energy storage, cell membranes, hormones
9How much energy do lipids provide?
9 kcal
10Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated = solid at room temp; Unsaturated = liquid
11What are essential fatty acids?
Linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3); must be eaten
12What are proteins used for?
Structure (muscle, skin) and function (enzymes, hormones)
13How much energy do proteins provide?
4 kcal
14What is a complete protein?
Contains all essential amino acids (e.g., meat, eggs, soy)
15What is an incomplete protein?
Lacks some essential amino acids (e.g., legumes, nuts)
16What is metabolism?
All biochemical reactions in the body
17Difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Anabolism builds molecules; catabolism breaks them down
18What is glycogenesis?
Formation of glycogen from glucose
19What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
20What is gluconeogenesis?
Making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
21What is glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
22What is lipogenesis?
Formation of triglycerides (fat storage)
23What is lipolysis?
Breakdown of fat into fatty acids and glycerol
24What are ketones?
Byproducts formed in the liver during fat metabolism
25Are proteins stored in the body?
No
26What happens to excess protein?
Used for energy or converted to fat
27What happens to the amine group?
Removed and excreted as urea
28What is a chylomicron?
Lipoprotein that transports dietary fats through lymph and blood
29What do LDL and HDL do?
LDL deposits cholesterol (bad); HDL removes cholesterol (good)
30Why is cholesterol important?
Used to make hormones, bile salts, and cell membranes
31Is cholesterol used for energy?
No
32What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that help the body use nutrients (often coenzymes)
33Water-soluble vs fat-soluble vitamins?
Water-soluble: not stored; Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K): stored
34What are minerals?
Elements needed for body function (e.g., calcium, iron)
35What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Energy needed for basic life functions
36What is total metabolic rate (TMR)?
Energy used for all activities
37What factors affect metabolic rate?
Age, gender, hormones, temperature, activity
38What are antioxidants?
Substances (vitamins C, E, A, selenium) that neutralize free radicals
39What are free radicals?
Unstable oxygen molecules with unpaired electrons
40What is fiber?
Indigestible carbohydrate (soluble or insoluble)