1alleviate
ease, relieve, mitigate - alleviation (n), alleviative (adj); alleviate pressure/suffering
làm giảm, xoa dịu (v) /əˈliːvieɪt/
2
detrimental
harmful, damaging, adverse - detriment (n); detrimental to health/environment
có hại (adj) /ˌdetrɪˈmentl/
3
prevalent
widespread, common, pervasive - prevalence (n); prevalent among/in
phổ biến (adj) /ˈprevələnt/
4
substantial
considerable, significant, sizeable - substantially (adv); substantial amount/increase
đáng kể, lớn (adj) /səbˈstænʃl/
5
viable
feasible, workable, practical - viability (n); viable solution/option
khả thi (adj) /ˈvaɪəbl/
6
robust
resilient, strong, solid - robustness (n); robust system/evidence
mạnh mẽ, vững chắc (adj) əʊˈbʌst/
7
marginal
minor, negligible, slight - marginally (adv); marginal impactain
không đáng kể; ở rìa (adj) /ˈmɑːdʒɪnl/
8
plausible
credible, believable, reasonable - plausibility (n); plausible explanation
hợp lý, có vẻ đúng (adj) /ˈplɔːzəbl/
9
disparity
inequality, gap, imbalance - disparate (adj); disparity between/in
sự chênh lệch (n) /dɪˈspærəti/
10
implicit
implied, unstated, indirect - implicitly (adv); implicit assumption
ngầm hiểu (adj) /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/
11
explicit
clear, definite, overt - explicitly (adv); explicit information
rõ ràng, minh bạch (adj) /ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/
12
inherent
intrinsic, innate, built-in - inherently (adv); inherent risk/problem
vốn có, cố hữu (adj) /ɪnˈhɪərənt/
13
subsequent
following, ensuing, later - subsequently (adv); subsequent events
tiếp theo (adj) /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
14
predominant
dominant, prevailing, primary - predominance (n); predominant factor
chiếm ưu thế (adj) /prɪˈdɒmɪnənt/
15
notwithstanding
despite, in spite of, regardless of - — ; notwithstanding the fact that
mặc dù (prep/adv) /ˌnɒtwɪðˈstændɪŋ/
16
conversely
in contrast, alternatively, oppositely - — ; conversely, however
ngược lại (adv) /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/
17
albeit
though, although, even though - — ; albeit + adj/adv/phrase
mặc dù, tuy rằng (conj) /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/
18
whereas
while, although, in contrast - — ; whereas + clause
trong khi, trái lại (conj) /ˌweərˈæz/
19
thereby
thus, hence, consequently - — ; thereby + V-ingesult
do đó (adv) /ˌðeəˈbaɪ/
20
hence
therefore, thus, consequently - — ; hence + clause
do đó (adv) /hens/
21
facilitate
enable, promote, ease - facilitation (n); facilitate development
tạo điều kiện, thúc đẩy (v) /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
22
exacerbate
worsen, intensify, aggravate - exacerbation (n); exacerbate the problem
làm trầm trọng hơn (v) /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/
23
undermine
weaken, erode, impair - undermining (adj); undermine trust
làm suy yếu (v) /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/
24
foster
encourage, cultivate, promote - fostering (adj); foster growth/skills
nuôi dưỡng, thúc đẩy (v) /ˈfɒstə/
25
impede
hinder, obstruct, hamper - impediment (n); impede progress
cản trở (v) /ɪmˈpiːd/
26
mitigate
alleviate, reduce, ease - mitigation (n); mitigate risks
giảm nhẹ (v) /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/
27
proliferate
spread, expand, multiply - proliferation (n); proliferate rapidly
gia tăng nhanh (v) /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/
28
diminish
reduce, lessen, decrease - diminishing (adj); diminish impact
giảm bớt (v) /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/
29
attribute (to)
ascribe, credit, assign - attribution (n); attribute sth to
quy cho (v) /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
30
constitute
comprise, form, make up - constitution (n); constitute a major part
cấu thành (v) /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/
31
adjacent
neighbouring, nearby, bordering - adjacency (n); adjacent to
liền kề (adj) /əˈdʒeɪsənt/
32
analogous
comparable, similar, parallel - analogy (n); analogous to
tương tự (adj) /əˈnælədʒəs/
33
concurrent
simultaneous, parallel, coinciding - concurrently (adv); concurrent events
đồng thời (adj) /kənˈkʌrənt/
34
integral
essential, vital, fundamental - integrate (v); integral component
thiết yếu (adj) /ˈɪntɪɡrəl/
35
discrete
distinct, separate, individual - discretely (adv); discrete categories
riêng biệt (adj) /dɪˈskriːt/
36
homogeneous
uniform, consistent, similar - homogeneity (n); homogeneous group
đồng nhất (adj) /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːnɪəs/
37
heterogeneous
diverse, varied, mixed - heterogeneity (n); heterogeneous society
không đồng nhất (adj) /ˌhetərəˈdʒiːnɪəs/
38
latent
hidden, dormant, underlying - latency (n); latent risk
tiềm ẩn (adj) /ˈleɪtənt/
39
manifest
evident, apparent, obvious - manifestation (n); manifest itself
rõ ràng (adj/v) /ˈmænɪfest/
40
salient
prominent, notable, striking - salience (n); salient feature
nổi bật (adj) /ˈseɪlɪənt/
41
arbitrary
random, subjective, unjustified - arbitrariness (n); arbitrary decision
tuỳ tiện (adj) /ˈɑːbɪtrəri/
42
fragmented
broken, disjointed, scattered - fragment (v); fragmented system
bị phân mảnh (adj) /fræɡˈmentɪd/
43
redundant
unnecessary, excessive, superfluous - redundancy (n); redundant process
dư thừa (adj) ɪˈdʌndənt/
44
inconsistent
contradictory, erratic, uneven - inconsistency (n); inconsistent policy
không nhất quán (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/
45
ambivalent
conflicted, uncertain, mixed - ambivalence (n); ambivalent attitude
mâu thuẫn cảm xúc (adj) /æmˈbɪvələnt/
46
negligible
minimal, trivial, insignificant - negligibly (adv); negligible impact
không đáng kể (adj) /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/
47
profound
deep, significant, far-reaching - profoundly (adv); profound effect
sâu sắc (adj) /prəˈfaʊnd/
48
superficial
shallow, cursory, surface-level - superficiality (n); superficial analysis
hời hợt (adj) /ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃl/
49
intrinsic
inherent, innate, internal - intrinsically (adv); intrinsic value
vốn có (adj) /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/
50
extrinsic
external, outside, imposed - extrinsically (adv); extrinsic factors
bên ngoài (adj) /ɪkˈstrɪnsɪk/
51
cumulative
combined, collective, aggregate - accumulate (v); cumulative effect
tích luỹ (adj) /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/
52
incremental
gradual, step-by-step, progressive - increment (n); incremental change
tăng dần (adj) /ˌɪnkrɪˈmentl/
53
proportional
balanced, corresponding, relative - proportion (n); proportional to
tương xứng (adj) /prəˈpɔːʃənl/
54
disproportionate
excessive, unequal, imbalanced - disproportionately (adv)
không tương xứng (adj) /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/
55
predicated (on)
based on, dependent on, grounded in - predicate (v); predicated on
dựa trên (v-ed) /ˈpredɪkeɪtɪd/
56
contingent (on)
dependent, conditional, subject to - contingency (n); contingent upon
phụ thuộc vào (adj) /kənˈtɪndʒənt/
57
conditional
dependent, qualified, limited - condition (n); conditional approval
có điều kiện (adj) /kənˈdɪʃənl/
58
autonomous
independent, self-governing - autonomy (n); autonomous system
tự chủ (adj) /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/
59
interdependent
mutually reliant, connected - interdependence (n)
phụ thuộc lẫn nhau (adj) /ˌɪntədɪˈpendənt/
60
divergent
differing, contrasting, varied - diverge (v); divergent views/opinions
phân kỳ, khác biệt (adj) /daɪˈvɜːdʒənt/
61
converge
unite, meet, merge - convergence (n); converge on/towards
hội tụ (v) /kənˈvɜːdʒ/
62
discrete
separate, distinct, individual - discretely (adv); discrete units
rời rạc, riêng biệt (adj) /dɪˈskriːt/
63
uniform
consistent, even, homogeneous - uniformly (adv); uniform standards
đồng đều (adj) /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/
64
aggregate
total, combined, collective - aggregation (n); aggregate data
tổng hợp (n/adj) /ˈæɡrɪɡət/
65
fluctuate
vary, oscillate, shift - fluctuation (n); fluctuate over time
dao động (v) /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/
66
stable
steady, constant, secure - stability (n); remain stable
ổn định (adj) /ˈsteɪbl/
67
volatile
unstable, erratic, unpredictable - volatility (n); volatile market
biến động mạnh (adj) /ˈvɒlətaɪl/
68
approximate
estimated, rough, near - approximation (n); approximate figure
xấp xỉ (adj/v) /əˈprɒksɪmət/
69
proportion
ratio, percentage, share - proportional (adj); proportion of
tỷ lệ (n) /prəˈpɔːʃən/
70
infrastructure
facilities, foundation, system - infrastructural (adj); build infrastructure
cơ sở hạ tầng (n) /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/
71
demographic
population-based, statistical - demography (n); demographic trends
thuộc dân số (adj) /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk/
72
urbanisation
city growth, urban growth - urbanise (v); rapid urbanisation
đô thị hoá (n) /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
73
industrialisation
mechanisation, mass production - industrialise (v); industrialisation process
công nghiệp hoá (n) /ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
74
globalisation
internationalisation, integration - globalise (v); effects of globalisation
toàn cầu hoá (n) /ˌɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
75
innovation
invention, advancement, novelty - innovate (v); technological innovation
đổi mới (n) /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/
76
automation
mechanisation, computerisation - automate (v); industrial automation
tự động hoá (n) /ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃən/
77
digitalisation
digitisation, modernisation - digitalise (v); digitalisation of services
số hoá (n) /ˌdɪdʒɪtəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
78
regulation
control, legislation, oversight - regulate (v); government regulation
sự quản lý, quy định (n) /ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
79
compliance
adherence, conformity, observance - comply (v); compliance with laws
sự tuân thủ (n) /kəmˈplaɪəns/
80
hypothesis
assumption, theory, proposition - hypothesise (v), hypothetical (adj); test a hypothesis
giả thuyết (n) /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/
81
correlation
association, link, relationship - correlate (v), correlational (adj); correlation between
mối tương quan (n) /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/
82
causation
cause-effect, causality, origin - cause (v/n), causal (adj); causation of
quan hệ nhân quả (n) /kɔːˈzeɪʃən/
83
variable
factor, element, component - variability (n); control variables
biến số (n/adj) /ˈveəriəbl/
84
parameter
boundary, criterion, limit - parametric (adj); within parameters
tham số, giới hạn (n) /pəˈræmɪtə/
85
framework
structure, system, model - — ; conceptual/theoretical framework
khuôn khổ (n) /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/
86
paradigm
model, pattern, example - paradigmatic (adj); paradigm shift
mô hình, khuôn mẫu (n) /ˈpærədaɪm/
87
methodology
approach, procedure, technique - method (n), methodological (adj)
phương pháp luận (n) /ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/
88
empirical
evidence-based, factual, observed - empiricism (n); empirical evidence
thực nghiệm (adj) /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/
89
quantitative
numerical, measurable, statistical - quantity (n); quantitative data
định lượng (adj) /ˈkwɒntɪtətɪv/
90
qualitative
descriptive, interpretive, non-numerical - quality (n); qualitative analysis
định tính (adj) /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/
91
coherent
logical, consistent, clear - coherence (n); coherent argument
mạch lạc (adj) /kəʊˈhɪərənt/
92
ambiguous
unclear, vague, obscure - ambiguity (n); ambiguous statement
mơ hồ (adj) /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/
93
inconclusive
uncertain, indefinite, unclear - conclude (v); inconclusive results
không dứt khoát (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv/
94
salient
prominent, notable, striking - salience (n); salient feature
nổi bật, quan trọng (adj) /ˈseɪlɪənt/
95
integral
essential, vital, fundamental - integrate (v); integral part of
thiết yếu (adj) /ˈɪntɪɡrəl/
96
peripheral
secondary, marginal, minor - periphery (n); peripheral issue
thứ yếu, bên lề (adj) /pəˈrɪfərəl/
97
arbitrary
random, subjective, capricious - arbitrariness (n); arbitrary decision
tùy tiện (adj) /ˈɑːbɪtrəri/
98
tentative
provisional, uncertain, preliminary - tentatively (adv); tentative conclusion
tạm thời, chưa chắc (adj) /ˈtentətɪv/
99
comprehensive
thorough, extensive, all-inclusive - comprehensively (adv); comprehensive plan
toàn diện (adj) /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/
100
sustainable
long-term, viable, renewable - sustainability (n); sustainable development
bền vững (adj) /səˈsteɪnəbl/
101
finite
limited, bounded, restricted - infinity (n); finite resources
hữu hạn (adj) /ˈfaɪnaɪt/
102
scarce
rare, limited, insufficient - scarcity (n); scarce resources
khan hiếm (adj) /skeəs/
103
abundant
plentiful, ample, copious - abundance (n); abundant supply
dồi dào (adj) /əˈbʌndənt/
104
depletion
exhaustion, reduction, loss - deplete (v); depletion of resources
sự cạn kiệt (n) /dɪˈpliːʃən/
105
exploitation
utilisation, extraction, abuse - exploit (v); exploit natural resources
sự khai thác (n) /ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃən/
106
conservation
preservation, protection, safeguarding - conserve (v); conservation efforts
sự bảo tồn (n) /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/
107
degradation
deterioration, decline, damage - degrade (v); environmental degradation
sự suy thoái (n) /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/
108
resilient
robust, adaptable, strong - resilience (n); resilient system
có khả năng phục hồi (adj) ɪˈzɪlɪənt/
109
adaptive
flexible, responsive, adjustable - adapt (v); adaptive strategies
có tính thích nghi (adj) /əˈdæptɪv/
110
consensus
agreement, harmony, unity - consensual (adj); reach a consensus
sự đồng thuận (n) /kənˈsensəs/
111
contention
dispute, disagreement, debate - contend (v); point of contention
tranh cãi (n) /kənˈtenʃən/
112
controversial
debatable, disputed, contentious - controversy (n); controversial issue
gây tranh cãi (adj) /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/
113
bias
prejudice, partiality, inclination - biased (adj); media bias
thiên lệch (n) /ˈbaɪəs/
114
objective
impartial, neutral, unbiased - objectivity (n); objective assessment
khách quan (adj) /əbˈdʒektɪv/
115
subjective
personal, biased, individual - subjectivity (n); subjective opinion
chủ quan (adj) /səbˈdʒektɪv/
116
credible
reliable, trustworthy, believable - credibility (n); credible source
đáng tin (adj) /ˈkredəbl/
117
validity
legitimacy, soundness, accuracy - valid (adj); validity of results
tính hợp lệ (n) /vəˈlɪdəti/
118
reliability
consistency, dependability, stability - reliable (adj); reliability of data
độ tin cậy (n) ɪˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/
119
scrutiny
examination, inspection, review - scrutinise (v); under scrutiny
sự xem xét kỹ (n) /ˈskruːtɪni/
120
incentive
motivation, stimulus, encouragement - incentivise (v); financial incentive
động lực, khuyến khích (n) /ɪnˈsentɪv/
121
constraint
restriction, limitation, barrier - constrain (v); budget constraints
sự hạn chế (n) /kənˈstreɪnt/
122
limitation
drawback, weakness, restriction - limit (v); acknowledge limitations
giới hạn (n) /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
123
feasible
viable, practical, workable - feasibility (n); feasible option
khả thi (adj) /ˈfiːzəbl/
124
optimal
ideal, best, most effective - optimise (v); optimal solution
tối ưu (adj) /ˈɒptɪməl/
125
efficient
effective, productive, economical - efficiency (n); efficient use of
hiệu quả (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃənt/
126
redundant
unnecessary, superfluous, excessive - redundancy (n); redundant system
dư thừa (adj) ɪˈdʌndənt/
127
inevitable
unavoidable, certain, inescapable - inevitability (n); inevitable outcome
không tránh khỏi (adj) /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/
128
unprecedented
unparalleled, novel, extraordinary - precedent (n); unprecedented scale
chưa từng có (adj) /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/
129
cumulative
collective, aggregated, combined - accumulate (v); cumulative effect
tích lũy (adj) /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/
130
constrain
restrict, limit, curb - constraint (n); constrain growthehaviour
hạn chế, kìm hãm (v) /kənˈstreɪn/ to limit something or keep it within particular limits
131
restrict
limit, curb, confine - restriction (n); restrict accessse
hạn chế (v) ɪˈstrɪkt/ to limit the size, amount, or range of something
132
regulate
control, govern, oversee - regulation (n); regulate industries
điều chỉnh, kiểm soát (v) /ˈreɡjʊleɪt/ to control something by rules or laws
133
enforce
implement, impose, uphold - enforcement (n); enforce the law
thực thi (v) /ɪnˈfɔːs/ to make people obey a law or rule
134
comply
adhere, conform, observe - compliance (n); comply with rules
tuân thủ (v) /kəmˈplaɪ/ to act according to an order or rule
135
deviate
diverge, depart, vary - deviation (n); deviate from norms
lệch khỏi (v) /ˈdiːvɪeɪt/ to change direction or behaviour from the usual one
136
adhere
comply, follow, observe - adherence (n); adhere to standards
tuân theo (v) /ədˈhɪə/ to stick firmly to rules or beliefs
137
offset
counterbalance, compensate - offset costs/emissions
bù đắp (v) /ˈɒfset/ to balance the effect of something bad
138
compensate
offset, reimburse, redress - compensation (n); compensate for loss
bù đắp (v) /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/ to make up for something lost or damaged
139
reinforce
strengthen, bolster, enhance - reinforcement (n); reinforce rules
củng cố (v) /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/ to make something stronger
140
precede
come before, predate - preceding (adj); precede an event
xảy ra trước (v) /prɪˈsiːd/ to happen before something else
141
succeed
follow, replace, achieve - successor (n); succeed in
xảy ra sau; thành công (v) /səkˈsiːd/ to come after something or to achieve success
142
coincide
occur together, overlap - coincidence (n); coincide with
trùng hợp (v) /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/ to happen at the same time
143
overlap
intersect, coincide - overlapping (adj); overlap with
chồng lấn (v) /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/ to partly cover the same area or time
144
persist
endure, continue, remain - persistence (n); persist over time
kéo dài, tồn tại (v) /pəˈsɪst/ to continue to exist or happen
145
cease
stop, halt, discontinue - cessation (n); cease operations
chấm dứt (v) /siːs/ to stop happening or existing
146
emerge
appear, arise, surface - emergence (n); emerge gradually
xuất hiện (v) /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ to become known or visible
147
deteriorate
decline, worsen, degrade - deterioration (n); deteriorate rapidly
xấu đi (v) /dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt/ to become worse
148
stabilise
steady, balance, secure - stabilisation (n); stabilise prices
ổn định (v) /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ to make something steady
149
intensify
escalate, heighten - intensification (n); intensify efforts
gia tăng (v) /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/ to become stronger or more extreme
150
allocation
distribution, assignment - allocate (v); resource allocation
sự phân bổ (n) /ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/ the act of distributing resources
151
distribution
allocation, dispersal - distribute (v); income distribution
sự phân phối (n) /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ the way something is shared
152
discrepancy
inconsistency, gap - discrepancies between figures
sự khác biệt (n) /dɪˈskrepənsi/ a difference between two things
153
variance
deviation, difference - vary (v); variance in data
độ chênh lệch (n) /ˈveəriəns/ the amount of difference from what is expected
154
deviation
divergence, variation - deviate (v); deviation from norm
sự lệch chuẩn (n) /ˌdiːvɪˈeɪʃən/ a change from the expected pattern
155
threshold
limit, benchmark - reach a threshold
ngưỡng (n) /ˈθreʃhəʊld/ the level at which something starts
156
benchmark
standard, reference - benchmark against
chuẩn mực (n) /ˈbentʃmɑːk/ a standard for comparison
157
parameter
boundary, criterion - set parameters
tham số (n) /pəˈræmɪtə/ a limit that affects something
158
metric
measure, gauge - performance metric
thước đo (n) /ˈmetrɪk/ a system or standard of measurement
159
catalyst
trigger, stimulus - act as a catalyst
chất xúc tác (n) /ˈkætəlɪst/ something that causes change
160
constraint
limitation, restriction - financial constraints
sự ràng buộc (n) /kənˈstreɪnt/ a limitation or restriction
161
infrastructure
foundation, facilities - build infrastructure
cơ sở hạ tầng (n) /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ basic systems of a country
162
framework
structure, system - legal framework
khuôn khổ (n) /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ a structure supporting something
163
architecture
structure, design - system architecture
cấu trúc tổng thể (n) /ˈɑːkɪtektʃə/ the design of a system
164
configuration
arrangement, setup - network configuration
sự sắp xếp (n) /kənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃən/ the way parts are arranged
165
paradigm
model, pattern - paradigm shift
mô hình (n) /ˈpærədaɪm/ a typical example or model
166
hierarchy
ranking, order - organisational hierarchy
hệ thống thứ bậc (n) /ˈhaɪərɑːki/ a system of ranking
167
network
system, web - communication network
mạng lưới (n) /ˈnetwɜːk/ a connected system
168
precursor
forerunner, predecessor - precursor to change
tiền đề (n) /priːˈkɜːsə/ something that comes before
169
byproduct
side effect, spin-off - byproduct of growth
sản phẩm phụ (n) /ˈbaɪˌprɒdʌkt/ something produced unintentionally
170
outcome
result, consequence - outcome of policy
kết quả (n) /ˈaʊtkʌm/ the result of an action
171
implication
consequence, effect - implications for society
hệ quả (n) /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən/ a possible effect or result
172
ramification
repercussion, consequence - serious ramifications
hệ lụy (n) /ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ a complex consequence
173
trade-off
compromise, balance - trade-off between cost and quality
sự đánh đổi (n) /ˈtreɪdɒf/ a balance between two things
174
synergy
cooperation, interaction - create synergy
sự cộng hưởng (n) /ˈsɪnədʒi/ combined effect greater than parts
175
optimisation
improvement, refinement - optimise (v); optimisation process
sự tối ưu hoá (n) /ˌɒptɪmaɪˈzeɪʃən/ making something as good as possible
176
scalability
expandability, growth - scalable system
khả năng mở rộng (n) /ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/ ability to grow without problems
177
sustainability
durability, viability - environmental sustainability
tính bền vững (n) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ ability to continue long-term
178
abolish
eliminate, repeal, eradicate - abolition (n); abolish a law/system
bãi bỏ (v) /əˈbɒlɪʃ/ to officially end a law, system, or practice
179
accumulate
gather, amass, build up - accumulation (n); accumulate wealth/data
tích lũy (v) /əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt/ to gradually collect or increase
180
accommodate
adapt, adjust, cater to - accommodation (n); accommodate needs
đáp ứng, thích nghi (v) /əˈkɒmədeɪt/ to provide space for or adjust to
181
acknowledge
admit, recognise, concede - acknowledgement (n); acknowledge a problem
thừa nhận (v) /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ to accept or admit that something exists or is true
182
aggregate
combine, compile, collect - aggregation (n); aggregate data
tổng hợp (v/adj) /ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt/ to combine several things into one total
183
allocate
assign, distribute, designate - allocation (n); allocate resources
phân bổ (v) /ˈæləkeɪt/ to give something officially for a purpose
184
ambiguity
vagueness, uncertainty, obscurity - ambiguous (adj); ambiguity in meaning
sự mơ hồ (n) /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːɪti/ the quality of having more than one possible meaning
185
amplify
intensify, magnify, boost - amplification (n); amplify impact
khuếch đại, làm tăng (v) /ˈæmplɪfaɪ/ to increase strength, amount, or effect
186
anomaly
irregularity, abnormality - anomalous (adj); statistical anomaly
điều bất thường (n) /əˈnɒməli/ something that is unusual or unexpected
187
anticipate
expect, foresee, predict - anticipation (n); anticipate changes
dự đoán, lường trước (v) /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ to expect or prepare for something
188
approximation
estimate, rough figure - approximate (adj/v); rough approximation
sự xấp xỉ (n) /əˌprɒksɪˈmeɪʃən/ a number or description that is close to the real one
189
assimilate
absorb, integrate, internalise - assimilation (n); assimilate knowledge
tiếp thu, đồng hóa (v) /əˈsɪmɪleɪt/ to understand and absorb information
190
attain
achieve, reach, accomplish - attainment (n); attain a goal
đạt được (v) /əˈteɪn/ to succeed in getting something
191
attribute (to)
ascribe, credit, assign - attribution (n); attribute A to B
quy cho (v) /əˈtrɪbjuːt/ to say something is caused by something else
192
authoritative
reliable, official, expert - authority (n); authoritative source
có thẩm quyền, đáng tin (adj) /əˈθɒrɪtətɪv/ having official authority or expertise
193
coexist
live together, coincide - coexistence (n); coexist with
cùng tồn tại (v) /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst/ to exist together at the same time
194
coherent
logical, consistent, clear - coherence (n); coherent argument
mạch lạc (adj) /kəʊˈhɪərənt/ clear and logical
195
collate
compile, organise, assemble - collation (n); collate data
đối chiếu, tổng hợp (v) /kɒˈleɪt/ to collect and arrange information
196
commence
begin, start, initiate - commencement (n); commence operations
bắt đầu (v) /kəˈmens/ to begin
197
compatible
suitable, consistent, harmonious - compatibility (n); compatible with
tương thích (adj) /kəmˈpætəbl/ able to exist or work together
198
compel
force, oblige, coerce - compulsion (n); compel compliance
buộc phải (v) /kəmˈpel/ to force someone to do something
199
complement
supplement, enhance - complementary (adj); complement each other
bổ sung (v/n) /ˈkɒmplɪment/ to add to something to improve it
200
comprise
consist of, include - be comprised of; comprise parts
bao gồm (v) /kəmˈpraɪz/ to consist of
201
conceive
imagine, devise, formulate - conception (n); conceive of an idea
hình thành ý tưởng (v) /kənˈsiːv/ to imagine or develop an idea
202
concurrently
simultaneously, together - concurrent (adj); run concurrently
đồng thời (adv) /kənˈkʌrəntli/ at the same time
203
confine
restrict, limit, constrain - confinement (n); confine to
giới hạn (v) /kənˈfaɪn/ to keep something within limits
204
conform
comply, adhere, obey - conformity (n); conform to standards
tuân theo (v) /kənˈfɔːm/ to behave according to rules
205
consensus
agreement, harmony, unity - reach a consensus
sự đồng thuận (n) /kənˈsensəs/ general agreement
206
consecutive
successive, sequential - consecutively (adv); consecutive years
liên tiếp (adj) /kənˈsekjətɪv/ following one after another
207
considerable
significant, substantial - considerably (adv); considerable impact
đáng kể (adj) /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ large or important
208
consolidate
strengthen, unify, merge - consolidation (n); consolidate poweresources
củng cố, hợp nhất (v) /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/ to make something stronger or combine things
209
constituent
component, element, part - constitute (v); constituent elements
thành phần cấu thành (n/adj) /kənˈstɪtjuənt/ one of the parts that form something
210
constrain
restrict, limit, curb - constraint (n); constrain growth
hạn chế (v) /kənˈstreɪn/ to limit or control what someone can do
211
controversy
dispute, debate, contention - controversial (adj); spark controversy
tranh cãi (n) /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ public disagreement about an issue
212
convergence
integration, merger, alignment - converge (v); convergence of ideas
sự hội tụ (n) /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ the act of becoming similar or meeting
213
convert
transform, change, adapt - conversion (n); convert to
chuyển đổi (v) /kənˈvɜːt/ to change something into a different form
214
correlate
relate, associate, link - correlation (n); correlate with
có mối tương quan (v) /ˈkɒrəleɪt/ to be connected or related
215
crucial
vital, essential, key - crucial role/factor
then chốt (adj) /ˈkruːʃl/ extremely important
216
cumulative
combined, aggregated - accumulate (v); cumulative effect
tích lũy (adj) /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/ increasing over time
217
deficiency
shortage, lack, insufficiency - deficient (adj); nutrient deficiency
sự thiếu hụt (n) /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/ a lack of something necessary
218
deliberate
intentional, planned - deliberation (n); deliberate decision
có chủ ý; cân nhắc kỹ (adj/v) /dɪˈlɪbərət/ done intentionally or carefully
219
dense
compact, crowded - density (n); densely populated
dày đặc (adj) /dens/ having parts close together
220
deprive
deny, strip, remove - deprivation (n); deprive of
tước đoạt (v) /dɪˈpraɪv/ to take something away
221
derive
obtain, originate - derivation (n); derive from
bắt nguồn, rút ra (v) /dɪˈraɪv/ to get something from something else
222
diminution
reduction, decrease - diminish (v); diminution of power
sự suy giảm (n) /ˌdɪmɪˈnjuːʃən/ the process of becoming smaller
223
distinct
separate, different - distinction (n); distinct features
riêng biệt, khác biệt (adj) /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ clearly different
224
distort
misrepresent, twist - distortion (n); distort facts
bóp méo (v) /dɪˈstɔːt/ to change something so it is no longer true
225
diverse
varied, heterogeneous - diversity (n); culturally diverse
đa dạng (adj) /daɪˈvɜːs/ including many different types
226
dominant
prevailing, leading - dominance (n); dominant group
chiếm ưu thế (adj) /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ more powerful or noticeable
227
emerge
appear, arise - emergence (n); emerge gradually
xuất hiện (v) /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ to become known or visible
228
empirical
evidence-based, factual - empiricism (n); empirical evidence
thực nghiệm (adj) /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl/ based on observation or experience
229
encompass
include, cover - encompassing (adj); encompass aspects
bao gồm (v) /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ to include a wide range
230
endorse
support, approve - endorsement (n); endorse a policy
ủng hộ, xác nhận (v) /ɪnˈdɔːs/ to publicly support or approve
231
enforce
implement, uphold - enforcement (n); enforce regulations
thực thi (v) /ɪnˈfɔːs/ to make people obey rules or laws
232
enhance
improve, boost - enhancement (n); enhance performance
nâng cao (v) /ɪnˈhɑːns/ to improve the quality or value
233
enormous
huge, immense - enormously (adv); enormous impact
rất lớn (adj) /ɪˈnɔːməs/ extremely large
234
equivalent
equal, comparable - equivalence (n); equivalent to
tương đương (adj/n) /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ having the same value or meaning
235
erode
wear away, undermine - erosion (n); erode trust
làm xói mòn, suy yếu (v) /ɪˈrəʊd/ to gradually destroy or reduce
236
escalate
intensify, heighten - escalation (n); escalate conflict
leo thang, gia tăng (v) /ˈeskəleɪt/ to increase rapidly
237
ethical
moral, principled, virtuous - ethics (n); ethical standards/issues
mang tính đạo đức (adj) /ˈeθɪkl/ relating to beliefs about what is morally right or wrong
238
evolve
develop, progress, transform - evolution (n); evolve over time
tiến hóa, phát triển (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/ to develop gradually
239
exceed
surpass, go beyond - exceed expectations/limits
vượt quá (v) /ɪkˈsiːd/ to be more than something
240
exclude
omit, leave out - exclusion (n); exclude from
loại trừ (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ to deliberately not include
241
exhaustive
comprehensive, thorough - exhaustively (adv); exhaustive study
toàn diện, đầy đủ (adj) /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/ complete and thorough
242
explicitly
clearly, directly - explicit (adj); explicitly stated
một cách rõ ràng (adv) /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/ in a clear and detailed way
243
exploit
utilise, abuse - exploitation (n); exploit resources
khai thác; lợi dụng (v) /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ to use something fully or unfairly
244
extract
remove, derive - extraction (n); extract data
chiết xuất, rút ra (v) /ɪkˈstrækt/ to remove or obtain something
245
fluctuation
variation, oscillation - fluctuate (v); price fluctuation
sự dao động (n) /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃən/ a change that happens repeatedly
246
fundamentally
essentially, basically - fundamental (adj); fundamentally different
về cơ bản (adv) /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/ in a basic and important way
247
generate
produce, create - generation (n); generate income
tạo ra (v) /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ to produce or cause something
248
hierarchical
ranked, layered - hierarchy (n); hierarchical system
theo thứ bậc (adj) /ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl/ arranged according to rank
249
hypothetical
theoretical, imagined - hypothesis (n); hypothetical case
giả định (adj) /ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl/ based on a suggested idea
250
identical
same, indistinguishable - identity (n); identical results
giống hệt (adj) /aɪˈdentɪkl/ exactly the same
251
illuminate
clarify, explain - illumination (n); illuminate an issue
làm sáng tỏ (v) /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ to explain or make clear
252
implement
execute, apply - implementation (n); implement policy
thực hiện (v) /ˈɪmplɪment/ to put a plan into action
253
implicitly
indirectly, tacitly - implicit (adj); implicitly assume
một cách ngầm hiểu (adv) /ɪmˈplɪsɪtli/ suggested but not stated
254
inhibit
restrain, hinder - inhibition (n); inhibit growth
kìm hãm (v) /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/ to prevent or slow something
255
initiate
start, launch - initiation (n); initiate reforms
khởi xướng (v) /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ to cause something to begin
256
insufficient
inadequate, lacking - insufficiency (n); insufficient funds
không đủ (adj) /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/ not enough
257
integrate
combine, merge - integration (n); integrate systems
tích hợp (v) /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ to combine parts into a whole
258
intervene
interfere, step in - intervention (n); intervene in
can thiệp (v) /ˌɪntəˈviːn/ to become involved to change a situation
259
intricate
complex, elaborate - intricacy (n); intricate design
phức tạp (adj) /ˈɪntrɪkət/ having many details
260
isolate
separate, detach - isolation (n); isolate factors
cô lập (v) /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ to separate from others
261
justification
rationale, explanation - justify (v); justification for
sự biện minh (n) /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ a reason for something
262
logical
rational, reasonable - logic (n); logical conclusion
hợp lý (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/ using reason clearly
263
longitudinal
long-term - longitudinal study
theo chiều dài thời gian (adj) /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ relating to long-term study
264
maximize
optimise, increase - maximisation (n); maximize benefits
tối đa hóa (v) /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/ to increase as much as possible
265
modify
alter, adjust - modification (n); modify behaviour
điều chỉnh (v) /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ to change slightly
266
neutral
impartial, unbiased, objective - neutrality (n); remain neutral
trung lập (adj) /ˈnjuːtrəl/ not supporting either side of an argument or situation
267
notable
significant, remarkable, prominent - notably (adv); notable difference
đáng chú ý (adj) /ˈnəʊtəbl/ important or noticeable
268
obsolete
outdated, antiquated, superseded - obsolescence (n); become obsolete
lỗi thời (adj) /ˈɒbsəliːt/ no longer used because something newer exists
269
omit
leave out, exclude - omission (n); omit details
bỏ sót (v) /əˈmɪt/ to fail to include something
270
overestimate
exaggerate, overvalue - overestimation (n); overestimate costs
đánh giá quá cao (v) /ˌəʊvərˈestɪmeɪt/ to guess a number or value that is too high
271
predominantly
mainly, largely, chiefly - predominant (adj); predominantly rural
chủ yếu (adv) /prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/ mainly or mostly
272
random
arbitrary, accidental - randomly (adv); random sample
ngẫu nhiên (adj) /ˈrændəm/ happening without a plan
273
refine
improve, enhance - refinement (n); refine a method
tinh chỉnh, cải thiện (v) ɪˈfaɪn/ to improve something by making small changes
274
reinstate
restore, reintroduce - reinstatement (n); reinstate a policy
khôi phục (v) /ˌriːɪnˈsteɪt/ to bring back something that existed before
275
reinforce
strengthen, bolster - reinforcement (n); reinforce rules
củng cố (v) /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/ to make something stronger
276
ephemeral
fleeting, transient, short-lived - ephemerality (n); ephemeral trend
ngắn ngủi, chóng qua (adj) /ɪˈfemərəl/ lasting for only a short time
277
pernicious
harmful, destructive, damaging - pernicious effects/influence
cực kỳ có hại (adj) /pəˈnɪʃəs/ having a very harmful effect
278
ubiquitous
widespread, omnipresent - ubiquity (n); ubiquitous presence
ở khắp nơi (adj) /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ present everywhere
279
salient
prominent, striking, notable - salience (n); salient feature
nổi bật, đáng chú ý (adj) /ˈseɪlɪənt/ most noticeable or important
280
intractable
insoluble, stubborn, unmanageable - intractable problem
khó giải quyết (adj) /ɪnˈtræktəbl/ difficult to deal with or solve
281
equivocal
ambiguous, unclear, vague - equivocation (n); equivocal response
mơ hồ, nước đôi (adj) /ɪˈkwɪvəkəl/ having more than one meaning or intention
282
ostensibly
apparently, seemingly - ostensible (adj); ostensibly harmless
bề ngoài có vẻ (adv) /ɒˈstensəbli/ appearing to be true, but not necessarily so
283
tacit
implicit, unspoken - tacit approval/assumption
ngầm hiểu, không nói ra (adj) /ˈtæsɪt/ understood without being spoken
284
esoteric
obscure, arcane - esoteric knowledge
khó hiểu, chỉ dành cho số ít (adj) /ˌiːsəʊˈterɪk/ understood by only a small group
285
idiosyncratic
peculiar, distinctive - idiosyncrasy (n); idiosyncratic style
mang tính cá nhân, đặc thù (adj) /ˌɪdɪəʊsɪŋˈkrætɪk/ unusual in a way specific to a person
286
exacerbation
worsening, intensification - exacerbate (v); exacerbation of conflict
sự làm trầm trọng thêm (n) /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃən/ the act of making a problem worse
287
contingency
possibility, eventuality - contingency plan
tình huống có thể xảy ra (n) /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/ a possible future event
288
repercussion
consequence, ramification - serious repercussions
hệ quả (thường tiêu cực) (n) /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃən/ an indirect and often negative result
289
ambivalence
uncertainty, conflict - ambivalent (adj); feel ambivalence
sự mâu thuẫn cảm xúc (n) /æmˈbɪvələns/ uncertainty caused by mixed feelings
290
preponderance
dominance, majority - preponderance of evidence
sự chiếm ưu thế (n) /prɪˈpɒndərəns/ the fact of being greater in number
291
superfluous
unnecessary, excessive - superfluity (n); superfluous detail
dư thừa, không cần thiết (adj) /suːˈpɜːflʊəs/ more than is needed
292
inadvertent
accidental, unintentional - inadvertently (adv); inadvertent error
vô ý, không chủ ý (adj) /ˌɪnədˈvɜːtənt/ not done intentionally
293
circumscribe
restrict, confine - circumscribed role
giới hạn, bó hẹp (v) /ˈsɜːkəmskraɪb/ to limit something
294
obfuscate
obscure, confuse - obfuscation (n); obfuscate facts
làm mơ hồ, che giấu (v) /ˈɒbfʌskeɪt/ to make something less clear
295
scarcity
shortage, lack, deficit - scarce (adj); water scarcity
sự khan hiếm (n) /ˈskeəsɪti/ lack of something
296
deluge
flood, inundation - deluge of information
trận ngập tràn (n/v) /ˈdeljuːdʒ/ a large amount suddenly
297
torrent
flood, stream - torrent of criticism
dòng chảy mạnh; loạt lớn (n) /ˈtɒrənt/ a strong flow of something
298
heap
pile, mound - heap of rubbish
đống (n/v) /hiːp/ a pile of things
299
horde
crowd, swarm - horde of people
đám đông (n) /hɔːd/ a large group
300
stack
pile, heap - stack of papers
chồng (n/v) /stæk/ a pile arranged neatly