1What are acids?
They are substances which produce hydrogen ions (H+) when they are dissolved in water
2What are the properties of acids?
Sour taste, soluble in water to form solutions which conduct electricity due precence of mobile ions carrying electric current when potential difference is applied, pH value < 7, turns moist blue litmus paper red
3What is a base?
It is any metal oxide or hydroxide, meaning it contains either oxide ions (O2) or hydroxide ions (OH-)
4What are soluble bases called?
Alkali
5Are most bases insoluble in water
yes
6What bases are soluble in water
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) , Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) , Aqueous ammonia (NH3)
7What is an alkali?
It is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
8What are the properties of alkali?
Bitter taste and soapy feel, soluble in water to form solutions which conduct electricity due precence of mobile ions carrying electric current when potential difference is applied, pH value >7, turns moist red litmus paper blue
9What is the scale of pH’s range
1-14
10What does it mean if a substance is very acidic compared to one that is slightly acidic
It has a higher concentration of H+ ions
11What does it mean if a substance is very alkaline compared to one that is slightly alkaline
It has a higher concentration of OH- ions
12What is the universal indicator
-Mixture of different indicators.
-Gives different colours of different pH.
-Comes in 2 types, paper and solution.
13In what soil do plants grow best in
When it is slightly acidc or neutral at 6-7 pH
14What is the difference between metal oxides and non-metal oxides?
Metal oxides are solids at rtp while non-metal oxides are gases
15What do basic oxides include?
All metal oxides except for ZAP
16What do basic oxides react with and form
They react with acids to form salt and water
17Which of the basic oxides are soluble in water
Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide, Calcium oxide
18What do amphoteric oxides react with and form
They react with acids and alkaline to form water and salt
19Are amphoteric acids soluble in water?
No
20What do amphoteric acids include
Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) & Lead Oxide (PbO)
21What is the difference between acidic oxides and neutral oxides?
Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salt and water while neutral oxides don’t
22Which acidic oxides are soluble in water and which aren’t respectively?
Gases and solids
23Are neutral oxides soluble in water?
No
24What do neutral oxides include
NO, CO & H2O
25What is relative atomic mass?
It is defined as the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
26What is the unit for atomic mass, Ar?
There is no unit
27What is the formula of relative atomic mass
mass of one atom of the element / 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
28What is relative molecular mass
It is defined as the average mass of one molecule of that substance compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
29What is relative formula mass for ionic compounds
It is defined as the average mass of one unit of that substance compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
30What is the formula for relative molecular mass
mass of one molecule or one unit of the substance/ 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
31What is Ar used to describe
Atoms
32What is Mr used to describe
Molecules
33What is the Mr of a compound
The sum of the Ar of the elements in a substance
34What value of atoms do you use to calculate molecular mass
Their relative atomic mass which is the bottom number in element in the periodic table
35How many particles does 1 mole contain?
6 x 10^23
36What is the formula for number of moles?
Mass of substance (g) / molar mass of the substance (g/mol)
37What is the formula for number of moles of gas
Volume of gas (dm^3) / 24dm^3
38How much cm^3 is equal to 1 dm^3
1000
39What is the ratio of moles of gases equal to
The ratio of volumes of gases
40What is the formula for the number of moles of a solution
Concentration of solution (mol/dm^3) x volume of solution
41What’s a limiting reactant
It’s the lowest reactant which determines the amount of product formed
42How do you name ionic compounds
Positive ion first followed by the negative ion
43Which ion is usually the positive ion and which is the negative ion respectively?
Metal and then non-metal
44What does the name of the 2nd ion, say oxygen change to when in an ionic compound?
Oxide
45What are the prefixes for the number of atoms in a molecule for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta & hexa
46If the ionic compound contains a metal, do you have to name it with numbers?
No
47What is the valency of an atom
It is the number of electrons taken in or given away in bonding or involved in bonding
48What is the valency and charge of silver?
1 & +1
49What is the valency and charge of zinc?
2 & +2
50What is the formula for hydroxide
OH-
51What is the formula for nitrate
NO3-
52What is the formula for carbonate
CO3 2-
53What is the formula for sulfate
SO4 2-
54What is the formula for ammonium
NH4+
55What is a polyatomic ion
It is a group of different atoms covalently bonded as one unit but with charge distributed over the unit. They react as a single group.
56What extra step do you have to do when writing chemical formula for ionic compounds involving polytomic ions
Add brackets to them if there is a subscript after it
57What do the names of polyatomic ions end with
-ite / -ate
58What is the formula for hydrochloric acid
HCl
59What is the formula for sulfuric acid
H2SO4
60What is the formula for nitric acid?
HNO3
61What is the formula for ammonia
NH3
62What is the formula for methane
CH4
63What does the state symbol of aquaeous mean?
A substance that is dissolved in water to form a solution
64What are SPAN salts and are they soluble in water
Sodium, potassium, ammonium and nitrates. Yes
65Which chlorides are insoluble in water
lead (||) & silver
66Which sulfates are insoluble in water
calcium, lead (|||) & barium
67Which carbonates are soluble in water
sodium, potassium & ammonium
68In chemical equations, which elements do you balance last?
Oxygen and Hydrogen and between those 2, balance the one with lowest number first
69What are spectator ions?
Substances present in a chemical reaction but do not take part in it and therefor remain unchanged
70What are the steps to make a balanced chemical equation into an ionic one
1. Rewrite the substances as their constituent ions 2. Cancel out the spectator ions on both sides