hgap unit 2

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

A language that results from the mixing of two or more languages; often of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

Name the world's largest language family; used by half of the world's population

Evolved from the Latin language spoken by the Romans. The four most widely used languages Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian; part of Indo-European family

part of Indo-European family; clustered in northwestern Europe and north America (includes English, German, Norwegian)

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

A large and fundamental division within a religion; EXAMPLE= Sunni is a division of Islam

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion through RELOCATION

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

The combining of elements of two or more groups into a new cultural feature

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

The first major religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Based on a sense of ethnic identity

A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC by Siddhartha Guatama. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

A 14th Century religion founded by a Hindu guru, Sikhs (means "learner") are monotheists that follow a religion that has elements of both Hinduism and Islam. Most Sikhs are found in the Punjab region of India.

The most popular branch of Islam in terms of number of adherents.

The second largest branch of Islam in terms of the number of adherents.

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

a major group broadly defined as Christianity, which originated from the Reformation and protested and separated from the Roman Catholic Church

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

A premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group.

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies

The process when someone adopts the values and practices of the larger group but still retains some distinct culture features

The process when a group's cultural features are altered completely to resemble those of another more dominant group

Coexistence of several cultures in one society

Anti-minority attitudes from the cultural majority; general dislike of people from other countries

The adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs; EXAMPLE= Chinatown

when ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

The place from which cultural artificats, sociofacts, and mentifacts originate

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

the spread of cultural traits through physical movement of people from one place to another

the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced