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Respitory

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1
what is the respiratory system
the collection of tissues and organs that allow us to undergo ventilation in order to create a concentration gradient of gases between our lungs and bloodstream
2
another word for ventilation
breathing
3
Name the parts of respitroy anatomy
nose, mouth, larynx, lung, diaphragm, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli
4
voice box
larynx
5
Alveoli
inside the lungs; the target destination for inhaled oxygen and the drop off point for carbon dioxide
6
what is the relationship between alveoli and surface area
more alveoli = more surface area
7
how many layers of cells make up the wall of the alveoli?
one layer of cells
8
what are the cells called that make up the wall of the alveoli
type 1 pneumocytes
9
How does one layer cells benefit gas exchange?
Having lung tissue and capillary tissue only one cell layer thick means gases have only a very short distance to travel

10
The capillaries contain contirnously moving bloood moving already slowly around the alveoli. what is the benefit of this design?
Slower movement gives more time for gases to be exchanged. The continuous flow of blood means there will always be a concentration gradient maintained, carbon dioxide being exhaled and fresh oxygen being loaded into the bloodstream for transport
11
what quality of the alveoli wall makes it special? Why is it important?
Note: the lining of the alveoli is moist, which allows gases to dissolve and remain dissolved for transport!
12
plural of alveoli
alveolus
13
what type of diffusion does the gas exchange in alveoli have; why?
simple diffusion ; ensure this happens as easily and efficiently as possible
14
where is the concentraion of oxygen higher? in blood or alveoli
alveoli
15
if oxygen is higher in the alveoli, that means carbon dioxide is higher (concentration) in...
blood
16
where does the carbon dioxide in the blood come from?
This carbon dioxide was produced via cellular respiration in our tissues. It is a waste product that can now be exhaled
17
how is carbon dioxide carried by the blood?
1) dissolved CO2 in plasma
2) bound to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells (at different site than oxygen binds)
3) carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions (and H+)
18
why does the pH of blood decreases in venous blood during exercise?
the carbon dioxide reacting with water in the blood creates carbonic acid, which releases H+
19
what protein does the red Blood Cells?
hemoglobin
20
another name for red blood cells (RBC)
erythrocytes
21
how many molecules of oxygen can a hemoglobin carry
4
22
how does increasing the partial pressure of oxygen affects the percent saturation of hemoglobin?
Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen increases the percent saturation of hemoglobin
23
how does high altitude affect hemoglobin saturation
Low pO2 means low oxygen % saturation of hemoglobin -- this is why it is more common to feel dizzy and lightheaded at higher altitudes!
24
when does the hemoglobin become saturated
when the pO2 is high in the blood, hemoglobin will become saturated (pick up oxygen)
25
When pO2 is low, hemoglobin unbinds oxygen? Why would this be the case near a muscle?
Near a muscle, the oxygen would have been used to undergo cellular respiration to create ATP energy.
26
what is the diff between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin in terms of oxygen saturation
Fetal hemoglobin reaches a higher % saturation of oxygen at lower pressures than adult hemoglobin (percent saturation of hemoglobin is reached more quickly)
27
what is the Bohr shift
explains the increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respriing tissues
28
in oxygen dissociation curve, when temp is down, curve is shift to...
left
29
in oxygen dissociation curve, when Pco2 is down, curve is shift to...
left
30
in oxygen dissociation curve, when pH is up, curve is shift to...
left
31
in oxygen dissociation curve, when temp is up, curve is shift to...
right
32
in oxygen dissociation curve, when Pco2 is up, curve is shift to...
right
33
in oxygen dissociation curve, when pH is down, curve is shift to...
right
34
why does pH increase during excerise
More carbon dioxide is produced in cellular respiration, leading to more carbonic acid in the blood and therefore a lower pH
35
when the curves shifts to the right oxygen will unbind from hemoglobin more readily. How does this help muscles during exercise?
This ensures quicker and easier replenishment of oxygen at the muscles, which need the O2 molecules to keep up with the increased energy demand
36
hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen and co2
higher
37
What happens if yu inhale carbon monoxide
RBCs are quickly saturated with this gas and oxygen/carbon dioxide can no longer be exchanged at the lungs or other body tissues.
38
ventilation
the mechanical process by which the lungs inflate and deflate with air. This happens due to the contracting and relaxing of the diaphragm, internal, and external intercostal muscles.
39
respiration
the process by which gases are exchanged in the lungs and used by cells to create ATP energy.
40
the shape of the diaphragm during inhalation
flat
41
the rib muscles during inhalation
contract
42
the rid cage moves during inhalation
up and outwards
43
the volume of chest cavity during inhalation
increase
44
the pressure of the chest cavity during inhalation
decreases
45
the shape of the diagphragm during exhalation
dome shape
46
the rib muslces during exhalation
relax
47
the rib cage movement during exhalation
down and inwars
48
the volume of chest cavity during exhalation
decreases
49
the pressure of the chest cavity during exhalation
increases
50
diaphragm ______ during inhalation
contracts
51
diagphrarm _____ during exhalation
relaxes
52
antagonistic pairs
muscles that influence each others elongation
53
example of antagonistic pair
When muscles are relaxed, they are elongated. However, this elongation is passive and caused by the contraction of another muscle.
54
why is respitory muscles considered antagonistic pair
The contraction of one results in the elongation of the other. When the external intercostal muscles contract during inhalation, the internal intercostal muscles relax and elongate. During exhalation, the external intercostal muscles relax and lengthen due to the contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.
55
how is pH of blood decreased
when production of carbon dioxide is increased
56
what part of the brain detects when the blood pH falls to low?
chemoreceptors in the medulla
57
what pH level sends signals to the medulla to increase rate of ventilation
7.35
58
what causes lung cancer
smoking/Vaping
Secondhand smoke
Air pollution
Radon gas exposure
Asbestos, silica, or other inhaled solids
59
what is the consequences of lung cancer
Breathing difficulties/Persistent coughing
Chest pain
Loss of appetite/Weight loss
Fatigue
60
emphysema
condition caused by an immune response to irritants in the lung tissue that causes a loss of elasticity and holes in alveolar walls.
61
symtons of emphysema
shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and fatigue.
62
treatments of emphysema
Treatments include inhaled steroids to improve airflow or oxygen supplements.
63
type 1 vs tpe 2 pneucytes

Type 1 pneumocyte: The cell responsible for the gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange that takes place in the alveoli. ...
Type 2 pneumocyte: The cell responsible for the production and secretion of surfactant
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