Plants

10

different groups of plants

Bryophyta, Angiosperm, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta

Mosses

No vascular tissue (no xylem or phloem)
No "true" leaves, roots, or stems
Reproduce by releasing spores
Sometimes rows horizontaly

Has vascular tissue
Has leaves, roots, and stems
Reproduce by releasing spores from under the leaves

ferns

pine trees

Vasular tissue
Has roots, leaves, and stems
Woody stems
Needle-like leaves
Reproduce from seeds found in cones

flowering plants

has vascular tissue
has roots,leaves, and stems
Reproduce by seds produced in ovules found within flowers (sometimes in fruits)

10

xylem and phloem

No vascular tissue means the plant would have no means of transporting water and other nutrients up to the leaves in a taller plant

keeps seeds protected

fruits eaten by animals, seeds are then pooped out in various places. form of seed dispersal

process of seed development and growth

water, oxygen, temperature, optimal pH

10

10

provide energy and nutrition for a growing seedling

10

imbibition activates the hormone gibberellin which activates gene expression of amylase (consider what happens in salty soil!)

Production of virus-free strains of already existing plant varietals
Reproduction of rare plant species
Rapid bulking of new plant varieties

10

10

Catabolic! Breaks down a larger molecular structure into smaller components.

Hydrolysis -- hydro = water and lysis = splitting

dissacharide

10

stem cells

shoot apical meristem

shoot apex

axilary buds

back up meristems where it comes in handy when the shoot apical meristem becomes damaged.

production of virus-free strains of already existing plant varietals
repduction of rare plant species
rapid bulking of new plant varieties

center of the corolla

tip of plant

auxin

moves to dark side of plant, causing elongation on that side

active transport, we want a high concentration of auxin on one side of plnat, not an equlibrium

away

filament, anther, ovary, style, stigma

male parts of flower: filament and anther

female part of flower: ovary, style, stigma

inside petals

narrow spikes

enlarged "bead" that contains pollen

+ xylem is made of dead cells while phloem is made of living cells
+ xylem have thick cell wall while phloem has thing
+ xylem transports water and minerals while phloem transports food
+ xylem carried to leaves and pholem carried to growing parts and storage organs
+ xylem flows up and phloem flows down and up

extending upward from ovary; narrow spike that often resembles filaments

top fo the style; varied shape and size; often sticky

transfer of pollen to the stigma of a flower

the combination of the pollen with an ovule in the ovary

pollination, fertilization, seed dispersal

insects or animals carry pollen and deposit on other plants; weather events (wind) can disperse pollen

The sugary nectar attracts insects or animals as a food source. To obtain the nectar, the insect/animal must get close enough to the flower to pick up grains of pollen, which then hitch a ride on the insect/animal and will hopefully brush off on another flower next time they go for a snack.

hooked seeds can attach to animal coats, winged seeds can ride the breeze

proteins that can activiate (or inhibit) flowering in angiosperms

short and long day plants

inactive form

active form

red light

far red light

exposure to a light source during the period of darkness must have converted more pr to pfr result in a level of pfr high enough to inhibit flowering

pr

pfr

roots

osmosis -- water flows into the cells from low to high solute concentration in an effort to reach equilibrium

active transport because minerals travels from low solute to high solute concentration

In osmosis, water flows from low to high solute concentrations. Remember that water is a solvent, so increasing the amount of water will decrease the solute concentration. With high solute concentration in the root as a result of active transport, the water will travel into the root via osmosis with no further energy expenditure.

groups of specialized cells

organs

responsible for trasport of water and minerals from the roots to the tip of the plant

+ xylem is made of dead cells while phloem is made of living cells
+ xylem have thick cell wall while phloem has thing
+ xylem transports water and minerals while phloem transports food
+ xylem carried to leaves and pholem carried to growing parts and storage organs
+ xylem flows up and phloem flows down and up

part of leaf that control gas exchange

transport of water upwards against gravity without additional energy expenditure form the plant

release of water vapor from photosynthetic cells

enter: co2. exit: water and oxygen

day for photosynthesis (needs co2)

cohesion

ligquid to gas

low pressure, which draws more water molecules upward against gravity

Adhesion -- attraction of water molecules to other polar substances
Cohesion -- attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

The water molecules are adhering to each other and to the walls of the xylem

allows water to travel aginst gravity through cohesion and adhesion

thickeneds the cell walles and prevents the hollow xylem from collapsing and consittudes 30% of the wood of a tree

Water loss in the leaves results in low pressure that allows water to move against gravity up the stem and branches, and this continuous upward movement results in water uptake at the roots

Increase in light = increase in transpiration; more light increases the rate of photosynthesis which means the plant must obtain more carbon dioxide (stomata open)

Increase in temperature = increase in transpiration; higher temperatures mean water evaporates more easily

Increase in humidity = decrease in transpiration; it is more difficult for water to evaporate into air that is already holding a higher amount of water vapor

Increase in wind = increase in transpiration; more air movement means the water vapor around the leaf can be replaced with drier air, making it easier for water to evaporate

an apparatus that measures water uptake

Because transpiration correlates with water uptake, measuring how much water a plant “consumes” can represent transpiration rate. The mass lost by the apparatus represents the mass of water lost by the plant

hypotonic

hypertonic

plants adapted to survive in dry conditions

Storage of water in specialized leaves, stems, or roots
Leaves reduced in size (spines)
Stomata open at night
Rolled leaf to contain water vapor
Hairs on leaves to slow or stop water movement
Brief life cycles to correspond with rain

Plants adapted to survive in salty conditions (like near coastlines) are called halophytes.

Leaves reduced to scaly or spiny structures
Leaves that shed when water is scarce
Water storage structures in leaves
Thick, waxy cuticle or layered epidermis to prevent water loss
Sunken stomata
Long roots
Methods to remove salt build up

water from roots to leaves

moves from sites of sugar production to sites of sugar use or storage up or down the plant

movement through cell wall

movement through cytoplasm

Osmosis - water travels from low to high sucrose concentration (no energy required because of the concentration gradient)

low sucrose concentration means the phloem is the low solute concentration near the sink

pressure in liquid

high pressure @ source, and low pressure @ sink

Molecules move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

contain numerous mitochrondria as well as a nucleus. carries out the genetic and metabolic functions for the sieve tube cells.

The leaves are a source of sugar. The farther from this source, the slower the rate of translocation because of the decreasing pressure from molecular concentration

where surcrose is made

where sucrose is delivered

phloem

xylem

low

high

radicle, epicotyl, testa, micropyle, cotyledon

embryo root

embryo shoot

seed coat (outer part of seed)

contains food, the space in the seed