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Byung Lee Human Factors Midterm (

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1
Ch 4. Ergonomics solution to human factor can be considered:
  • Liveware - Environment
  • Liveware - Hardware
  • Liveware - Software
  • Liveware - Liveware
2
BL. What is good way to look at an object during night flighting?
  • Scan slowly and use off-center viewing.
  • Scan fast to avoid dark spot.
  • Concentrate and stare directly on the object
3
Select the correct function of the rod in the retina
  • color perception is good
  • Mainly operate in bright surroundings
  • acuity perception is good
  • Operate up to moonlight level.
4
What does it means that you have 20/40 vision?
  • the individual can read at 40 feet what a normal person would read at 40 feet.
  • the individual can read at only 20 feet what a normal person would read at 40 feet.
  • the individual can read at 40 feet what a normal person would read at 20feet.
  • the individual can read at 20 feet what a normal person would read at 20 feet.
5
BL When making an approach to a narrower-than-usual runway, without using VASI, approach angle/altitude will feel like
  • lower than actual.
  • higher than actual.
  • Farther than actual distance.
6
What is the most important sensory system by which humans acquire information from external sources
  • Visual system
  • vestibular apparatus ("balance organ")
  • auditory systems
  • Proprioception ("seat of the pants")
7
Select the item which is not pertaining to flight deck warning systems:
  • Advisories
  • Cautions
  • Guidance
  • Warning
8
The time of useful consciousness (TUC) following a rapid decompression depends on aircraft altitude, the rate at which pressure falls, and the level of physical activity of the individual at the time of the event. At typical jet transport aircraft altitudes
(35 000 feet) TUC will vary :
  • 33-54 seconds
  • 5-11 seconds
  • 22-33 seconds
  • 11-22 seconds
9
Human capabilities and limitations in information processing should be considered in the design of displays. Which of followings are unnecessary for the operator?
  • Appropiate information
  • Most amount of information
  • Accurate information
  • Timely Information
10
Select the mismatched answer
  • tactile - sense of touch
  • kinaesthetic - sense of motion
  • auditory - sense of vision
  • olfactory - sense of smell
11
When analogue instruments are preferable to digital one?
  • when viewed at angle
  • All the time
  • when the numeric values are changing rapidly and frequently
  • when in dark environment
12
When digital format information is preferable?
  • when more than one person are required to see the display
  • when illumination is not enough
  • when the numeric values are changing frequently or rapidly
  • when to provide greater accuracy for recording or systems monitoring
13
BL 10-1 Hypoxia is the result of?
  • CO Poisining to the brain
  • Insufiicient oxygen to the brain.
  • excessive carbon dioxide to the brain
14
10-2 The reduction in partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude will result:
  • Hypoxic hypoxia
  • Stagnant hypoxia
  • hypemic hypoxia
  • histotoxic hypoxia
15
10-3 Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is ?
  • Histotoxic hypoxia
  • Stagnant hypoxia
  • Hypemic Hypoxia
  • Hypoxic Hypoxia
16
10-4 What is not the symptoms of Hypoxia
  • Anxiety
  • Euphoria
  • False sense of security
  • Impaired Judgment
17
BL 10-5 Experiencing hypoxia in an altitude chamber will
  • Assist pilot to withstand longer in hypoxia
  • assist pilots to fight against hypoxia.
  • assist pilots to recognize their own symptoms
18
10-6 Alcohol will produce a form of hypoxia, which kind?
  • Hypoxic
  • Histotoxoc
  • Hypemic
  • Stagnant
19
BL 10-7 Dark adaptation can be impaired by
  • carbon dioxide
  • cabin pressure altitudes above 5,000 feet
  • hyperventilation
20
"Time of useful consciousness" describes the maximum time the pilot has to make rational, life-saving decisions and carry them out at a given altitude without supplemental oxygen. Time of useful consciousness at 35,000 feet would be?
  • 1 to 2 min
  • 30-60 seconds
  • 9-15 seconds
21
BL 10-9 Occupants of an unpressurized aircraft flying above 15,000 feet without supplemental oxygen will be suffering?
  • blue coloration of the lips and fingernails and tunnel vision.
  • Hyperventilation
  • Decompression Sickness
22
BL 10-10 What will cause hyperventilation?
  • insufficient oxygen
  • unexpected stressful situation
  • slow rate of breathing
23
BL 10-11 Common symptoms of hyperventilation include:
  • Tingling sensations
  • decreased breathing rate
  • Visual acuity
24
10-12 How do you treat hyperventilation
  • by breathing into a paper bag
  • by increasing breathing rate
  • by decreasing carbon dioxide levels
  • by increasing oxygen intake
25
BL 10-13 while wearing and using oxygen mask, rapid or deep breathing can cause
  • hyperventilation.
  • cyanosis
  • a build-up of carbon dioxide in the body.
26
BL 10-14 Trapped gas expansion accounts for ear pain most likely to occur?
  • if a pilot has a cold, an ear infection, or sore throat.
  • during chewing, yawning, or swallowing
  • During cruise without changing altitude
27
BL 10-15 A movement of the head in a different plane, such as looking at something in a different part of the flight deck, in a prolonged constant-rate turn can create the illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely different axis. This is called as?
  • autokinesis
  • the leans
  • Coriolis illusion
28
BL 10-16 Somatogravic illusion happens during
  • a rapid descent.
  • upon landing.
  • rapid acceleration during takeoff.
29
BL 10-17 An abrupt change from climb to straight-and-level flight can stimulate the otolith organs enough to create the illusion of tumbling backwards, It is known as
  • somatogravic illusion.
  • inversion illusion.
  • autokinesis.
30
BL 10-18 When flying in the dark, a stationary light may appear to move if it is stared at for a prolonged period of time. This illusion is known as;
  • somatogravic illusion.
  • ground lighting illusion.
  • autokinesis.
31
BL 10-19 Spatial disorientation arise when
  • judge of aircraft attitude based on bodily sensations
  • use of flight instruments and rely upon them
  • avoid sudden head movement, particularly during takeoffs, turns, and approaches to landing
32
BL 10-20 To prevent illusions and their potentially disastrous consequences, pilots can:
  • Use kinesthetic sense.
  • use of flight instruments and rely upon them
  • Scan instrument with rapid head movement, during takeoffs, turns, and approaches to landing
33
BL 10-21 Haze can create the optical illusion the airplane is
  • closer to the runway than it actually is.
  • Lower than actual altitude.
  • farther from the runway than it actually is.
34
BL. 10-22 Penetration of fog can create the illusion of
  • pitching down.
  • leveling off.
  • pitching up.
35
BL. 10-23 Rain on the windscreen can create the illusion of
  • banking of the airplane
  • greater height
  • lower height
36
BL 10-24 An absence of ground features, as when landing over water, darkened areas, and terrain made featureless by snow, can create the illusion that the aircraft is at
  • Lower altitude than it actually is.
  • higher altitude than it actually is.
  • Banking and turning
37
BL 10-25 A pilot landed at faster speed than usual in the haze at night. This is due to
  • the elevator uillusion
  • somatogravic illusion
  • Featureless terrain illusion
38
BL 10-26 Motion sickness, or airsickness, is caused by
  • the stomach sensitivity
  • inner ear unbalance
  • brain reciving conflicting messages
39
BL 10-27 Tobacco smoke also causes CO poisoning. Smoking at sea level can raise the CO concentration in the blood and result in
  • a build up of carbon dioxide
  • hyperventilation effect
  • physiological effects similar to flying at 8,000 feet.
40
BL 10-28 Some effects of CO poisoning are
  • Muscle spasms
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dizziness
41
BL 10-29 Anemic (lack of red blood cell) hypoxia is kind of hypoxia but it is a result of
  • a leaking exhaust gas
  • High G Load
  • alcohol or drugs
42
BL10-30 Fatigue including acute fatigue is frequently associated with pilot error because?
  • the [pilot performs each component as the part of an integrated activity.
  • flying fatigued is flying impaired
  • concentrating visual attention in the periphery
43
BL 10-31 Chronic fatigue can be defined as
  • The stress produced by continous high-stress levels
  • The stress of normal occurrence in everyday living
  • The stress caused by improper diet and inadequate rest and sleep
44
BL 10-32 How an alcohol consumption affects functions of the body?
  • Small amounts of alchol incrasea judgement and decision-making abilities
  • Small amounts of alcohol does not affect flying capacity
  • Alcohol has an adverse effect, especially as altitude increases
45
BL 10-33 Pilot should be aware_______ pose an adverse safety risk.
  • prescription medication only.
  • over-the-counter- medications only
  • prescribed and over-the-counter-medications
46
BL 10-34 A pilot or passenger who intends to fly after scuba diving should allow the body sufficient time to rid itself of excess nitrogen absorbed during diving. If not, DCS due to The recommended waiting time before going to flight altitudes of up to 8,000 feet is at least ___ hours after diving that does not require controlled ascent (nondecompression stop diving), and at least ___ hours after diving that does require controlled ascent (decompression stop diving)
  • 4 hours. 8 hours.
  • 12 hours. 24 hours.
  • 24 hours. 48 hours
47
11-1 Pilots should reduce error by using ___________ instead of relying on short and long term memory for repetitive tasks.
  • Checklists
  • Placards
  • Routine procedures
  • reminders
48
Select the items that will not reduce error.
  • take time and checking for errors
  • using reminders and develop routines
  • learning and practicing
  • explain away and predict the outcome
49
Select incorrect statement about workload management
  • When a work overload situation exists, a pilot needs to stop, think, slow down, and prioritize.
  • The first effect of high workload is that the pilot may be working harder but accomplishing less.
  • Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions.
  • When there is low workload, human performance increase because of low distractions.
50
11-4 Precoding is described as.
  • The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli.
  • Memory system where information is stored for roughly 30 seconds
  • the initial storage of information in short-term memory.
51
BL 11-5 The STM is not only time limited, it also has limited capacity
  • to usually seven bits of chunks of information.
  • to the maximum information that can be retained up to 30 seconds.
  • to usually nine bits or chunks of information.
52
BL 11-6 What is recoding
  • The initial storage of information in short-term memory
  • The relating of incoming information to oncepts or knowledge already in memory
  • The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli
53
BL 11-7 Where is information that some significance attached to stored?
  • Long-term memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Sensory memory
54
BL 11-8 Which memory receives initial stimuli from the environment and processes?
  • Sensory memory
  • Long-term
  • Working
55
BL 11-9 Which memory can be easily retrieved later time by practice and repetition?
  • Short-term
  • Sensory memory
  • Long-term
56
BL 11-10 Person forgets information that is not used for an extended period of time, this is known as
  • Fading
  • repression
  • poor retention
57
BL 11-11 A memory is pushed out of reach because the individual does not want to remember the feelings associated with it. This is called
  • repression
  • fading
  • interference
58
BL 11-12 People forget something because a certain experience has overshadowed it, or that the learning of similar things has intervened.
  • Interference
  • Retrieval Failure
  • correlation
59
BL 11-13 Select the correct statement regarding Short Term Memory (STM) and Long Term Memory (LTM)
  • LTM is not only time limited, it also has limited capacity
  • If the information was deemed important, and it was transferred into LTM
  • The time limitation of LTM may be overcome by rehearsal
  • The goal of the working memory is to move the information from STM to long-germ memory (LTM),
60
BL 11-14 Select the sentence that would not improve the Long-Term Memory
  • Knowledge that enjoys both frequency and recency is likely to be retrieved easily and quickly.
  • Memory also applies to psychomotor skills, which will improve with practice
  • The encoding should provide meaning and connections between old and new information
  • Trying to remember everything improves to keep new information up to date
61
BL 11-15 Select statement that did not explained forgetting properly
  • Retrieval failure is simply the inability to retrieve information
  • Interference theory suggests that people forget something because humans are phsyiolically prepgroammed to eventually erase data that no longer appears pertinent.
  • The theory of fading or decay suggests that a person forgets informtaion that is not used
  • Represssion is an unconscious form of forgetting while suppression is a conscious form. A memory is pushed out of reach because the individual does not want to remember the feelings associated with it
62
BL 12-1 The human brain processes incoming information, stores and retrieves it, and generates responses to the information. This involves a number of cognitive processes: gathering and representing information (encoding), retaining of information, and retrieving the information when needed.
  • Information processing theory uses a computer system as a model for human learning.
  • Information processing of the brain is very similar to one of computer
  • The human brain gets input from the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell exactly like computer gets input from a keyboard, mouse.
  • The brain deals with all this information consciously all the time
63
BL 2 What is constructivism?
  • The techniques are good for all types of learning situations, and all learners.
  • The learners actively build or construct them based on their experiences.
  • The teacher assume responsibility for a learning
  • learners acquire knowledge and skills passively
64
BL 3 An experienced pilot who is trying to fly on time per schedule can
  • fly continued VFR flight into instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions safely if the pilot is IFR rated.
  • be dangerous only if the pilot do not have instrument rating.
  • fall into an operational pitfalls as personal or external pressure clouds the vision and impairs judgment
65
BL 4 Spatial disorientation or collision with ground/obstacles may occur when a pilot continues
  • Getting behind the aircraft
  • continual VFR flight into instrument conditions.
  • with Duck-under syndrome.
66
BL 5 Most pilots have fallen into operation pitfalls at some time. What are these dangerous tendencies or behavior patterns which must be identified and eliminated before flights ?
  • Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion
  • Peer pressure, get-there-itis, loss of positional or situation awareness, and flying outside of envelope.
  • Lack of flying skills and knowledges and instrument currency.
67
BL 6 A flight crew looking forward to completing the last flight of a 5 day airline trip may fall into
  • get-there-itis.
  • Automatic Decision making
  • Proper ADM process
68
BL 7 The hazards a pilot faces and those that are created through adverse attitude predispose his or her actions. To recognize this a pilot should
  • Take a Self-Assessment to Identify five hazardous attitude then apply the corresponding antidote.
  • Prevent any hazardous attitude from arising at the first place
  • make a risk assessment.
69
BL 8 What is the first step in neutralizing a hazardous attitude in an early part of the aeronautical decision making (ADM) process?
  • Recognizing hazardous thoughts and attitude.
  • Applying the antidote.
  • Making the pilot's foundation of beliefs more concrete.
70
BL 9 What are hazardous attitudes that can affect aeronautical decision making (ADM) process.
  • Impulsivity, antiestablishment, peer pressure
  • get-there-itis, loss of positional or situation awareness
  • Antiauthority, impulsivity, and resignation
71
BL 10 What is the antidote for MACHO hazardous attitude?

  • Not so fast. Think first.
  • Taking chances is foolish.
  • Follow the rules. They are usually right.
72
BL 11 What is the antidote for ANTIAUTHORITY hazardous attitude?
  • Not so fast. Think first.
  • Follow the rules. They are usually right.
  • It could happen to me.
73
BL 12 If a pilot cannot wait any longer for the morning radiation fog and low ceilings to burn off, this pilot may have the hazardous:
  • impuslive attitude
  • resigned attitutde
  • macho attitude
74
BL 13 If a pilot takes off as scheduled in the afternoon under the SIGMET for embedded thunderstorms this pilot may have the hazardous:
  • an anti-authority attitude.
  • the resignation
  • an impulsive attitude
75
BL 14 ccident-prone pilots has an tendency to
  • have disdain toward rules.
    have positive levels of achievement motivation and interpersonal behavior.
  • have positive levels of achievement motivation and interpersonal behavior.
  • concentrate, manage workloads, monitor, and perform several simultaneous tasks.
76
BL 15 accidents is associated with decision errors, violations of the rules and regulations happens a lot when an experienced pilot
  • concentrate, manage workloads, monitor, and perform several simultaneous tasks.
  • have positive levels of achievement motivation and interpersonal behavior.
  • the pilot exerts pressure on himself to complete the flight
77
BL 16 A subset of participants reacted negatively to the training, these group are
  • been identified as members of the "right stuff" subset
  • were individuals who lackerd interpersonal skills
  • A.not threatened by the emphasis on the importance of communications and human relation skills
78
BL 17 Before a person can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be fulfilled?
  • Physiological
  • Belonging
  • self-esteem
79
BL 18 Before a person can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be fulfilled ?
  • Biological.
  • Aesthetic
  • self-esteem
80
BL 19 When individuals are physically comfortable and do not feel threatened, they seek to satisfy their ___________.
  • self-esteem
  • belonging
  • self-actualization
81
BL 20 Helping a student achieve his or her _________in aviation training offers the greatest challenge as well as reward to the instructor.
  • self-esteem
  • self-actualization
  • Aesthetic needs
82
BL 21 select incorrect statement of "Esteem"

Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others, However:
  • Most people, however, seek external esteem through social approval because low self-esteem often need respect from others
  • externally obtaining self-respect is better than internally established self-esteem.
  • When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.
  • They may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build their self-esteem until they accept who they are internally.
83
BL 22 Analytical decision-making is a form of decision-making that takes both time and evaluation of options. A form of this type of decision-making is?
  • Detect, eliminate, choose, identify, decide, and evaluate.
  • Detect, estimate, choose, identify, do, and evaluate.
  • Determine, evaluate, choose, identify, do, and eliminate.
84
BL 23 What is the last sequence of the Decide Model in Aeronautical Decision Making?
  • Estimate
  • Evaluate
  • Eliminate
85
BL 24 What is the first sequence of the Decide Model in Aeronautical Decision Making?
  • Detect
  • Determine
  • Decide
86
BL 25 Automatic Decision-Making is
  • An analytical type of decision-making.
  • a traditional type of decision-making.
  • a reflexive type of decision-making.
87
BL 26 What is wrong method to manage life stress?
  • set aside time for relaxation each day
  • maintain a program of physical fitness.
  • learn to manage time more effectively to avoid pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines.
  • react to the stress with extreme over-cooperation, painstaking self-control.
88
A decision-making error that is not standardized by regulations or operator procedures and, as such, the crew had more conservative option but not took, time not used effectively to evaluate the decision , is called?
  • non-compliance error
  • operational decision error
  • Procedural error
  • Communication error
89
Identify the items that is not belong to error management.
  • Trap
  • Correct
  • Avoid
  • Mitigate
90
If the crew is unable to avoid, trap or mitigate the error (i.e. unmanaged errors), the consequential outcome may lead to an ___________ aircraft state.
  • Undesired
  • Dangerous
  • Unknown
  • Hazard
91
Which is not a typical situation that define an undesired aircraft state?
  • unstable approaches
  • Engine failure due to mechanical problem
  • vertical, lateral, or speed deviations
  • incorrect aircraft configurations
92
The Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) — Choose the item which is not related to :
  • Audits a "slice" of an airline's flight operations, including flight crew performance — how crews recognize and manage threats and errors in normal line flights.
  • In the end, an airline is given a "health check" report.
  • LOSA offers great promise for assessing the use and validity of professional competencies and countermeasure skills, both CRM and technical, to address human error.
  • LOSA is conducted by Inspectors and check airmen after they have to undergo a more specialized form of instructor training for the audit
93
Select incorrect statement:
  • The most essential element in effectively establishing CRM programmes is the deliberate endorsement of top management
  • Using line pilots as CRM training instructors produces extremely positive results because line pilots live with threats and errors in operations.
  • Classroom “games” are most effective CRM training as it teaches human relationships.
  • Crews that accept the training and demonstrate CRM countermeasure skills in managing errors have a greater likelihood of not being involved in occurrences.
94
Select the item that is not belong to the four phases of CRM training programme development:
  • assessment of operational experience and awareness
  • practice and feedback
  • continue reinforcement and development
  • extending the concept of the flight crew by broadening the scope of CRM trainng,
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