Intro to Psychology Test 1

How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you're not a scientific expert on the issue?

As scientists, psychologists

In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, __________ __________ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key

William James would be considered a(n) ________. Wilhelm Wundt would be considered a(n) ______.

In the early twentieth century, _____ redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior."

Nature is to nurture as

"Nurture works on what nature provides." Describe what this means, using your own words.

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?

________ _______________ is the principle that our mind processes information on two tracks at the same time -- one with our full awareness and the other outside of our awareness.

A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most
likely to be a(n)

A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a _________.

Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to
their field of study as _____ ______.

__________ _______ refers to our tendency to perceive events as predictable and obvious after the fact.

A theory-based prediction is called a(n) ______.

Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and
describe behavior?

For your survey, you need to establish a group of people who represent the country’s entire adult
population. To do this, you will need to question a ___________________ sample of the
population.

A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication
they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a _________ (positive/negative)
correlation.

Knowing that two events are correlated provides

To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use ________.

To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and
experimental groups. Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This pill is a _______.

In a double-blind procedure,

A researcher wants to know whether noise level affects workers’ blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the ________ _______.

The laboratory environment is designed to

What do psychologists mean when they say the brain is "plastic"

The neuron fiber that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and
glands is the _____.

The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is called
the

Regarding a neuron's response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determines

In a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches a terminal branch, the impulse triggers the
release of chemical messengers called ______________.

Endorphins are released in the brain in response to

The autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system
calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the ______ nervous system.

The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the ________ nervous system

The most influential endocrine gland, known as the master gland, is the

The ______ ______ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during
times of stress

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the

The thalamus functions as a

The lower brain structure that governs arousal is the

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and enables nonverbal learning and
memory is the ________.

Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the

A cat's ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode
had touched the _______.

The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the

The initial reward center discovered by Olds and Milner was located in the ___________.

If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely

Which of the following body regions has the greatest representation in the somatosensory cortex?

The "uncommitted" areas that make up about three-fourths of the cerebral cortex are called _______ _______.

Judging and planning are enabled by the _____ lobes.

The flexible brain's ability to respond to damage is especially evident in the brains of

An experimenter flashes the word HERON across the visual field of a man whose corpus callosum
has been severed. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When
asked to indicate what he saw, the man says he saw _____ but his left hand points to ____.

Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels in

Damage to the brain's right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person's ability to

Consciousness refers to our _________ awareness of ourselves and our environment

Failure to see visible objects because our attentions is occupied elsewhere is called ___________ ______.

Inattentional blindness is a product of our ________ attention.

Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as
the ______ _______.

During the N1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience

The brain emits large, slow delta waves during __ sleep

As the night progresses, what happens to the REM (R) stage of sleep?

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep?

What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?

In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their

Which dream theory best explains why we often dream of daily things we've seen or done?

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as _____ _______.

Describe what's involved in critical thinking.

Describe the 3 parts of the scientific attitude.

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

From the 1920s until the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were _______ and _______ psychology

How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

The _____________-__________ perspective in psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the ________ perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations.

Clinical psychology

Psychiatry

Community Psychology

Why, after friends start dating, do we often feel that we knew they were meant to be together?

What does a good theory do?

Why is replication important?

We cannot assume that case studies always reveal general principles that apply to all of us. Why not?

What is an unrepresentative sample, and how do researchers avoid it?

Negative or positive correlation:
The more husbands viewed internet pornography, the worse their marital relationships

Negative or positive correlation:
The more time teen girls spent absorbed with online social media, the more at risk they were for
depression and suicidal thoughts

The longer children were breast-fed, the greater their later academic achievement

The more leafy vegetables older adults ate, the less their mental decline over the ensuing 5 years

Length of marriage positively correlates with hair loss in men. Does this mean that marriage causes
men to lose their hair (or that balding men make better husbands)?

What measures do researchers use to prevent the placebo effect from confusing their results?

By using random assignment, researchers are able to control for ______ _______, which are
other variables besides the independent variable(s) that may influence research results.

Double-blind procedure

Random sampling

Random assignment

Why, when testing a new drug to control blood pressure, would we learn more about its effectiveness from giving it to half the participants in a group of 1000 than to all 1000 participants?

How are animal and human research participants protected?

The _____ ______describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in selftesting) rather than from simple rereading of new information.

What does SQ3R stand for?

How does learning a new skill affect the structure of our brain?

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order.

How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the
back?

What happens in the synaptic gap:_\?

Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called ___________.

Motor neurons

Sensory Neurons

Interneurons

How was the ANS involved in Hawaiians' terrified responses, and in calming their bodies once they realized it was a false alarm?

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how to they differ?

fMRI scan

PET Scan

MRI Scan

The ______ is a crossover point where nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the right side of the body, and vice versa.

In what brain region would damage be most likely to disrupt your ability to jump rope:*\

In what brain region would damage be most likely to disrupt your ability to hear:*\

In what brain region would damage be most likely to leave you in a coma:*\

In what brain region would damage be most likely to cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life:*\

Electrical stimulation of a cat’s amygdala provokes angry reactions, suggesting the amygdala’s role in aggression. Which autonomic nervous system division is activated by such stimulation?

What are the three key structures of the limbic system, and what functions do they serve?

What function does the amygdala :*\ serve?

What function does the Hypothalamus:*\ serve?

What function does the hippocampus:*\ serve?

Our brain’s _______ cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The ______ cortex controls our voluntary movements.

Why are association areas important?

What three functions do association areas perform?

Why would communal sleeping provide added protection for those whose safety depends upon vigilance, such as these refugees in Paris?

What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?

N1

N3

REM

What are five proposed reasons for our need for sleep?

1. Protection
2. Recovery
3. Restore & Rebuild memories
4. Creative Thinking
5. Growth

A well-rested person would be more likely to have _________ (trouble concentrating/quick reaction times) and a sleep-deprived person would be more likely to ______ (gain weight/fight off a cold).

What are five theoretical explanations for why we dream?

1. Satisfy our own wishes
2. File away memories
3.. Develop and preserve neural pathways
4.. Make sense of neural static
5. Reflect cognitive development

Two parts of the central nervous system

2 parts of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Parts of the Somatic nervous system

What do Glia cells do?

What is the space between the Myelin called?

What is the Myelin?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

GABA

EPSP

IPSP

What two hormones do the adrenal glands produce?