1Normative transitions
predictable life changes that occur during development
2predictable life changes that occur during development
Normative transitions
3Non-normative transitions
unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development
4unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development
Non-normative transitions
5Cohort
the age gruop with whom we travel in life
6the age group with whom we travel in life
Cohort
7Emerging adulthood
the phase of life that begins after high school, lasts through the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life
8If you were born before the twentieth century, which two of the following statements would be true? (Pick 2)
- You would start working after high school.
- You would probably not live to age 65.
- You would have a good chance of dying during childhood.
9Carlos is 85; Karloff is 65. In a sentence, describe the major statistical difference between these two men, and label each person’s life stage.
Carlos is more likely to by phsyically disabled. Carlos is old-old, Karloff is young-old
10Hakeem says, “I would never leave my parents or live far from my brothers and sisters. A person must take care of his extended family before satisfying his own needs.” Peter says, “My primary commitment is to my wife and children. A person needs, above all, to make an independent life.” Hakeem has a(n) ____________ worldview, while Peter’s worldview is more ___________.
collectivist; individualistic
11If Rosa is a Hispanic American woman, then, statistically speaking, she is more likely to (pick two):
- outlive her spouse.
- have a low median income.
- die at a younger age than a White woman.
12nature (development)
biological or genetic causes of development
13nurture (development)
environmental causes of development.
14traditional behaviorism
Operant conditioning, reinforcement
The original behavioral worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviors.
15cognitive behaviorism
Modeling, self efficacy.
16Self-efficacy
according to cognitive behaviorism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we will start activities or persist in the face of failures. Predicts goals we set.
17monozygotic
identical twins
18dizygotic
fraternal twins
19Erikson Life stage Infancy (birth to 1 year)
Basic trust vs mistrust
20Basic trust vs mistrust
Erikson Life stage Infancy (birth to 1 year)
21Erikson Life stage Toddlerhood (1 to 2 years)
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
22Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Erikson Life stage Toddlerhood (1 to 2 years)
23Erikson Life stage Early childhood (3 to 6 years)
Initiative versus guilt
24Initiative versus guilt
Erikson Life stage Early childhood (3 to 6 years)
25Erikson Life stage Middle childhood (7 to 12 years)
Industry versus inferiority
26Industry versus inferiority
Erikson Life stage Middle childhood (7 to 12 years)
27Erikson Life stage Adolescence to emerging adulthood (teens into twenties)
Identity versus role confusion
28Identity versus role confusion
Erikson Life stage Adolescence to emerging adulthood (teens into twenties)
29Erikson Life stage Early adulthood (twenties to early forties)
Intimacy versus isolation
30Intimacy versus isolation
Erikson Life stage Early adulthood (twenties to early forties)
31Erikson Life Stage Middle adulthood (forties to sixties)
Generativity versus stagnation
32Generativity versus stagnation
Erikson Life Stage Middle adulthood (forties to sixties)
33Erikson Life Stage Late adulthood (late sixties and beyond)
Integrity versus despair
34Integrity versus despair
Erikson Life Stage Late adulthood (late sixties and beyond)
35Attachment theory
A genetically programmed response.
Both nature and nurture
36Who is associated with traditional behaviorism?
Watson & Skinner
37Who is associated with cognitive behaviorism?
Bandura
38Evolutionary psychology
focuses on inborn behaviors.
OPPOSITE of behaviorism.
Nature focused.
39Piaget's Stages of development 0-2
Sensorimotor
40Sensorimotor (what age and who)
Piaget's Stages of development 0-2
41What is the sensorimotor stage?
Babies manipulate objects to figure out reality.
42Piaget's Stages of development 2-7
Preoperations
43Preoperations (what age and who)
Piaget's Stages of development 2-7
44What is preoperations?
Children's perceptions are captured by immediate appearances. "What they see is what is real".
45Piaget's Stages of development 7-12
Concrete operations
46Concrete operations (what age and who)
Piaget's Stages of development 7-12
47Piaget's Stages of development 12+
Formal operations
48Formal operations (what age and who)
Piaget's Stages of development 12+
49What is formal operations?
the ability to reason is at its pinnacle and fully adult.
50What is assimilation in Jean Piaget' theory?
Fitting environmental input to our existing mental capacities
51is Behaviorism nature or nurture?
Nurture
52is Psychoanalytic theory nature or nurture?
nurture
53Is attachment theory nature or nurture?
both
54Is evolutionary theory nature or nurture?
both
55is behavioral genetics nature or nurture?
nature
56Banjeet, a 1-year-old, mouths everything — pencils, his favorite toy, his parents’ headphones — changing his mouthing to fit the object that he is “sampling.” According to Piaget, the act of mouthing everything refers to ____________, while changing the mouthing behavior to fit the different objects refers to _______.
Assimilation, accomoodation
57Seth is a high school honors student. Which explanation of Seth’s success refers to an active genetic/environment force?
- Seth was genetically talented at reading and math and so gravitated to studying hard from first grade on.
- Seth’s mom has forced her son to study reading and math for hours, beginning in first grade.
58Evocative forces (genetic influence on environment)
our genetic traits cause other people to react to us in a certain way
59our genetic traits cause other people to react to us in a certain way
Evocative forces (genetic influence on environment)
60Active forces (genetic influence on environment)
when we choose or seek out environments that fit our genetic traits
61when we choose or seek out environments that fit our genetic traits
Active forces (genetic influence on environment)
62Epigenetics
Study of how behavior and environment can change the way that genes are expressed
63Study of how behavior and environment can change the way that genes are expressed
Epigenetics
64Piaget Assimilation
fitting the environment input to current mental capacitie
65fitting the environment input to current mental capacitie
Piaget Assimilation
66Accomodation (Piaget)
Growing mental capacities allow more concepts to fit into the mind
67Growing mental capacities allow more concepts to fit into the mind
Accomodation (Piaget)
68Correlational study
Relating two or more variables
69Relating two or more variables (study type)
Correlational study
70Representative study
Group that reflects the overall population
71Group that reflects the overall population (study type)
Representative study
72Naturalistic study
directly watching and coding behaviors
73directly watching and coding behaviors (study type)
Naturalistic study
74Self report study
people report their feelings and activities through questionaires
75people report their feelings and activities through questionaires (stuyd type)
Self report study
76True experiment
the only type that can determine cause & effect
Assign groups to treatment/placebo and looking at outcome
77the only type that can determine cause & effect
Assign groups to treatment/placebo and looking at outcome (study type)
True experiment
78Longitudinal study
Strategy that involves testing the same group over an extended period. EXPENSIVE!!!
Allows comparing individuals
79Strategy that involves testing the same group over an extended period. EXPENSIVE!!! (study type)
Longitudinal study
80Cross sectional
Comparing different age groups at the same time.
Measures only group differences, not individual
81A recessive single-gene disorder occurs only if a child inherits:
an abnormal gene from each parent.:*\
82Although only about the length of a thumb, an embryo at week 8 has:
all of its basic body structures.
83The time period during which an organ is coming “online” during prenatal development is referred to as the:
sensitive period
84The proximodistal sequence of development refers to the fact that growth occurs
the interior parts of the body outward.
85The first 2 weeks of prenatal development—from fertilization to implantation—is the _____ stage.
germinal stage
86Who determines the baby's sex?
the father
87The mass-to-specific sequence of development refers to the principle that prenatal development proceeds from:
large to smaller, more detailed structures.
88Exposure to harmful substances is MOST likely to cause major structural damage to a fetus during the _____ stage of development.
embryonic
89The time during prenatal development when the major body structures form is the _____ stage.
embryonic
90The cephalocaudal principle of development refers to the fact that prenatal
head to foot (top to bottom).
91How to remember the cephalocaudal principle?
head to toes
92The prenatal test chorionic villus sampling involves sampling a piece of the _____ during the _____ trimester of pregnancy.
placenta; first
93What does chorionic villus sampling take it's sample from?
The placenta
94When is chorionic villus sampling done?
the first trimester
95Amniocentesis involves
sampling the amniotic fluid
96What is the MOST important factor that determines a woman's emotional state during pregnancy?
feeling cared about and loved
97What are genes?
Segments of DNA
98What do chromosomes contain?
Genes
99What is a chromosome?
A strand of DNA in the nucleus of a cell. Carries genes.
100What is the order of fetal development?
Germinal->Prenatal-> Fetal
101Examples of teratogens
Bacteria
Drugs
Cortisol
102What are the first two weeks of pregnancy called?
Germinal stage
103When is the germinal stage?
first two weeks
104What are weeks 3-8 of pregnancy called?
Prenatal development
105When is prenatal development?
Weeks 3-8
106What happens during the first two weeks of pregnancy (germinal stage)
The zygote implants on the uterine wall
107What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg
108What happens week 3-8 of pregnancy (prenatal development)?
All organs are formed, the top of the neural tube has formed into the brain
109What is week 9+ of pregnancy called?
The fetal stage
110When is the fetal stage?
Week 9+
111How long does the fetal stage last?
7 months
112What happens during the fetal stage?
physical refinment
massive growth
brain development
113What is considered the minimum age of viability?
22 weeks
114Common symptoms during first trimester
Morning sickness and fatigue
115What is Gestation?
The period of pregnancy
116What is a trimester?
1 of 3 months long segments that pregancy is divided into
117What happens during the second trimester?
Mom tends to feel better
118What is quickening?
When the pregnant woman first feels the fetus move
119What effects does the quickening have?
It increases the mother's emotional attachment to the fetus
120What happens during the third trimester?
The baby gets very large and prepares for birth
121What is the sensitive period? (description and when)
Time when fetus is most vulnerable. During the embryonic stage.
122When is the sensitive period?
During the embryonic stage.
123What is a teratogen?
A substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
124When do teratogens cause the most damage?
During the embryonic stage/sensitive period
125Effects of smoking on the fetus
smaller than normal birth weight
126Effects of alcohol on the fetus
Fetal alcohol syndrome
127Down syndrome
47 chromosomes instead of 46
128What is a single gene disorder?
A dominant gene causes it; 50/50 chance
129What are two examples of a single gene disorder?
Dwarfism, Marfans
130What is a recessive gene disorder?
Requires two copies of the gene.
131What are two examples of recessive gene disorders?
Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis
132What are Sex linked gene disorders?
A disorder that is attached to a sex chromosome. Females typically unaffected. 50/50 for male offspring
133What is one example of a sex linked gene disorder?
Hemophilia
134What is the clinical requirement for infertility?
Inability to conceive after 1 full year of unprotective sex
135What happens during stage 1 of birth?
Dilation and effacement
136Definition of Efacement
when the cervix thins out (efaces)
137What happens during stage 2 of birth?
The fetus descends and is born
138What is crowning?
When the baby's head appears
139What is stage 3 of birth?
Expulsion of the placenta and support structures
140How are newborns evaluated?
APGAR Scale
141APGAR
Appearance
Pulse Rate
Grimace response (reflexes)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration
142What is APGAR's scale per item?
0-2
143What are the intervals that APGAR is used at?+
1 minute from birth, 5 minutes from birth
144What is the minimum score on APGAR before monitoring is required?
7
145What is considered preterm or premature?
more than 3 weeks early
146How does nicotine harm the fetus?
Restricts the flow of nutrients to the fetus
147What risks does excessive cortisol levels have for the fetus?
Increased risk of premature labor
148What are the dangers of child birth? (5)
Problems with contractions
Inability of cervix to dilate fully
Breech positions
Placenta difficulty
149What is socioeconomic status?
a combined measure of a person's economic and social position in society based on their finances, schooling, and job
150
Socioeconomic status is a combined measure of a person's economic and social position in society based on their ______, _____, and _____
Finances, schooling, job
151Put these terms in the correct order on the pathway to pregnancy: fertilization, fallopian tubes, ovulation, uterus.
ovulation, fallopian tubes, fertilization, uterus
152The __________ house a woman’s genetic material, while the ________ contain the sperm.
ovaries, testes
153If a fetus has the XY chromosomal configuration, he/she is more/less apt to survive the prenatal journey and is more/less apt to be conceived. (Select the correct answers.)
less, more
154When does the heart begin to beat in a fetus?
Week 3
155When does the neural tube form?
20-24 days
156What developmental milestone happens at month 6?
The fetus can hear
157What developmental milestone happens at month 7?
The fetus can see
158In order, list the three stages of prenatal development. Then identify the stage in which the brain develops.
the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.
The brain forms during the embryonic stage
159What stage does the brain form during?
The embryonic stage