Test 3

What are two threats to preschool physical skills?

What are the 4 parenting styles?

What does Erickson mean by initiative?

Erickson's theory of initiative as a task involves the child's exuberant testing of _____.

Why can't young children typically perform conservation tasks according to Piaget?

The gap between a child's _________ problem-solving ability and their potential development under _____ ______ is called the Zone of Proximal Development

_______ is tailoring teaching to a child's competence level by providing support and then backing off as they master a skill

What does Erikson mean by industry?

Three examples of executive functioning are _______, selective attention, inhibition

Three examples of executive functioning are rehearsal, ______ _______, inhibition

Which part of the brain is responsible for executive functions and emotion regulation?

What are three examples of executive function?

Three examples of executive functioning are rehearsal, selective attention, _______.

_____ ______ describes the skills involved in managing cognitions, such as rehearsal, selective attention, and inhibition

the skills involved in managing cognitions, such as rehearsal, selective attention, and inhibition

Scaffolding is tailoring teaching to a child's competence level by providing _______ and then _______ ______ as they master a skillinhibi

lack of _____ and _____ _____ are threats to preschool physical skills

Externalizing tendencies

People with externalizing tendencies tend to act on immediate _____ and behave ______ or _______

People with internalizing tendencies often have intense _____, social _____, and often ______

The gap between a child's individual problem-solving ability and their potential development under adult guidance is called the ________ ______ _____ ________.

_______ is when you feel upset about harming others or violating social standards.

Feeling upset about harming others or violating social standards.

Guilt

Shame is a feeling of _____ that causes ______ and ____ rather than a desire to make amends

_______ is a feeling of humilitation that causes withdrawal and anger rather than a desire to make amends

feeling of humilitation that causes withdrawal and anger rather than a desire to make amends

Describe the two-step pathway that may lead a child to be labeled as highly aggressive

Internal tendencies characteristics

Guilt is when you feel ____ about harming others or violating _____ ______.

In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually is called __________ thinking

What entails an authoritative parenting style?

What is the outcome of an authoritative parenting style?

What is the structure of authoritarian parenting style?

What is the outcome of an authoritarian parenting style?

What entails a permissive parenting style?

What is the outcome of a permissive parenting style?

What entails in a rejecting-neglecting parenting style?

What is the outcome with rejecting-neglecting parental style?

What is corporal punishment?

Why is corporal punishment controversial?

What does corporal punishment model?

intrinsic motivation

the drive to act based on the inner pleasure of the activity itself

______ motivation is the drive to act based on the inner pleasure of the activity itself

The drive to act based on external reinforcers like praise, money or grades

extrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation is the drive to act based on ______ ______ like praise, money or grades

intrinsic motivation is the drive to act based on the _____ ______ of the activity itself

the concrete operational child’s ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance is called ________

In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged _____ to ______, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually is called preoperational thinking

What age range for preoperational thinking?

The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements is called ______ _______.

_______ is the preoperational child’s tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take into account other dimensions

the concrete operational child’s ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance

What type of operation is decentering?

What does centering impair?

The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements.

the preoperational child’s inability to grasp that a person’s core “self” stays the same despite changes in external appearance is called ______ _______.

the _________ child’s inability to grasp that a person’s core “self” stays the same despite changes in external appearance is called identity constancy

the preoperational child’s belief that inanimate objects are alive is called _______

animism is the __________ child’s belief that inanimate objects are alive.

the preoperational child’s belief that human beings make everything in nature is called __________

Artificialism is the _______ child's belief that human beings make everything in nature.

the preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view from one’s own is called _________

egocentrism is the _________ child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view from one’s own.

egocentism is the preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have ______ ______ ____ ______ from one’s own.

At lunch, you give your son and his playmate peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and cut your child’s sandwich in a diagonal shape and his buddy’s in a square. Suddenly, your son erupts, “Mom, that’s not fair. You gave Bruno more!”

(a) no identity constancy, (b) animism, (c) artificialism, (d) egocentrism, (e) no conservation, and (f) inability to use classification.

My 2-year-old son and I were taking our yearly trip to visit Grandma in Florida. As the plane took off and gained altitude, Thomas looked out the window and said with a delighted grin, “Mommy, TOYS!”

(a) no identity constancy, (b) animism, (c) artificialism, (d) egocentrism, (e) no conservation, and (f) inability to use classification.

Dewi watches her father, a professional dancer, put on a skeleton outfit. Dewi suddenly runs screaming from the room, terrified of the monster.


(a) no identity constancy, (b) animism, (c) artificialism, (d) egocentrism, (e) no conservation, and (f) inability to use classification.

Your child can’t understand that she can live in your town and nation at the same time. She tells you angrily, “I live in Newark, not the United States.”

(a) no identity constancy, (b) animism, (c) artificialism, (d) egocentrism, (e) no conservation, and (f) inability to use classification.

As the ship moves into the ocean at the beginning of your Caribbean cruise, your child asks, “Did the same people who built the boat also make the ocean?”


(a) no identity constancy, (b) animism, (c) artificialism, (d) egocentrism, (e) no conservation, and (f) inability to use classification.

In Vygotsky’s theory, the gap between children’s ability to solve a problem totally on their own and their potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person is called ____ __ ______ _________

What ages is the preoperational stage?

During the ________ stage, children start using language and think using symbols, but they cannot yet use concrete logic or mentally manipulate information

Who came up with the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

During the preoperational stage, children start using ______ and think using ______, but they cannot yet use concrete logic or mentally manipulate information

In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to7, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually, is called ___________ ___________.

During the ________ stage, children start using language and think using symbols, but they cannot yet use _______ logic or mentally manipulate information

The _____ _____ thinking stage in Piaget’s framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in logical, adult ways.

In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged __ to ____, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually, is called preoperational thinking.

the concrete operational thinking stage In Piaget’s framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged ____ to ____, marked by the ability to reason about the world in logical, adult ways

What age range does concrete thinking start?

Education is a ______, mind-expanding duet

Good scaffolders (teachers)

1. Foster a _______ ______
2. Break up larger ________ challenges
3. Continue helping until the child has _____ ______ the concept before moving on.

Vygotsky believed

1. We develop intellectually through ______ ______
2. Development is a ______ endeavor.
3. People cause _______ growth.

Vygotsky believed

1. We develop intellectually through ______ ______

Vygotsky believed

2. Development is a ______ endeavor.

Vygotsky believed

3. People cause _______ growth.

Piaget believed

1. We develop __________ through _____ acting on the world

Piaget believed

1. We develop __________ through _____ acting on the world
2. ________ takes place on our own inner timetable
3. When we are internally ready, we reach a higher level of _______ _______.

Piaget believed

2. ________ takes place on our own inner timetable

Piaget believed

3. When we are internally ready, we reach a higher level of _______ _______.

What did Vygotsky believe thinking was?

What is a phoneme?

_______ is an error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms.

______ is when someone makes name categories too narrow.

Andrew said to madison, his 3-year-old son, “remember when we went to grandma and grandpa’s last year? … it was your birthday, and what did grandma make for you?” this _______ conversation will help stimulate madison’s ______ ______

What is Erickson's stage for early childhood 3-6?

What age for initiative vs guilt?

What is the main virtue of early childhood according to Erickson?

3 effects of lack of nutrition

_____ is when kids focus on the first thing they see

What age for concrete operational thinking?

What happens when we develop concrete operational thinking?

When do conservation tasks become possible?

According to Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal development, _____ occurs best when the adult creates instruction that matches their mental capacity

According to Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal development, learning occurs best when the adult creates instruction that matches their _____ ______

According to _______ _____ ___ ______ __________, learning occurs best when the adult creates instruction that matches their mental capacity

Effective scaffolding requires secure ______

To effectively scaffold, you need to ______ larger cognitive challenges

An effectiver scaffolder continues ______ until the concept is ______

Theory of mind starts around ____ or _____ years

Theory of mind is the ability to understand that people have different ________ from their own.

When does pretending begin?

When does collaborative pretend play start?

What are the 3 parts of effective scaffolding?

How does autobiographical memory work in toddlers?

How does autobiographical memory work in preschoolers?

How does autobiographical memory work in adolescents?

Pretending allows _____ _____ practice

Pretending allows for a sense of ______.

Pretending helps to build understanding of _____ ______.

What 3 things does pretending allow?

How do toddlers gender segregate?

When does gender segregation tend to begin?

What happens with gender segregation at age 5 and 6?

How is boys' play different from girls'?

How is girls' play different from boys'?

What is a biological cause of rough and tumble play?

Individuals with ASD often have impaired _____ __ ______.

Individuals with ASD often have a lack of ______ in other people.

Individuals with ASD may show ______ behaviors.

Individuals with ASD often have ___________ to sensory input

When does Piaget say logical thinking appears?

How does information processing theory apply to young children?

What are 3 strategies to helping a child with ADHD?

Erickson middle childhood phase

industry vs inferiority meaning

Externalizing tendencies

Internalizing tendencies

Drawing on Erikson’s and Piaget’s theories, name the qualities that make middle childhood (and human beings) special.

When Hernando played hide-and-seek with his 4-year-old niece, he realized that while Marissa could run well, she was having trouble not betraying her hiding place and understanding the rules of the game. The reason is that Marissa’s _______ cortex is on an earlier developmental timetable than her ________ lobes.

"According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of early childhood (ages 3 to 6) is _____."

Erikson’s psychosocial task for middle childhood (ages 7 to 12) is _____.

What is the primary difference between Erikson’s 'initiative' and 'industry' tasks?

The _____ principle of physical growth explains why 3-year-olds have relatively large heads and squat bodies compared to older children.

"The _____ principle describes the progression from clumsy, uncoordinated movements to sure, swift movements between ages 2 and 6."

Term: Gross motor skills

Term: Fine motor skills

Which type of motor skill in preschool specifically predicts later success in elementary school math?

Two major threats to preschool physical skills are a lack of _____ and a lack of _____.

How does undernutrition specifically impair fine motor skills?

"In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognition for children aged 2 to 7 is called _____ thinking."

"In Piaget’s theory, children aged 8 to 11 reach the _____ stage, characterized by logical, adult-like reasoning."

What is the defining limitation of preoperational thinking?

Term: Conservation tasks

"In Piaget's theory, the concept that an operation or procedure can be repeated in the opposite direction is called _____."

Term: Centering

Term: Decentering

"The understanding that a general category (e.g., candy) can encompass several subordinate elements (e.g., chocolate chips and gummy bears) is called _____."

Term: Identity constancy

"The preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects, such as dolls or the wind, are alive is called _____."

Term: Artificialism

"In Piaget's theory, _____ refers to the inability to understand that other people have different points of view from one's own."

"According to Vygotsky, the gap between a child's independent ability and their potential knowledge when taught by an expert is the _____."

Term: Scaffolding

What is the primary role of 'inner speech' in Vygotsky’s theory?

Term: Phoneme

Term: Morpheme

The average number of morphemes per sentence used by a child is called the _____.

Term: Syntax

"The meaning system of a language, or what words stand for, is called _____."

"An error where young children apply general rules for plurals or past tenses to irregular forms (e.g., 'runned') is called _____."

Term: Overextension

Term: Underextension

What type of memory involves reflections on our personal life history and emerges around age 3 or 4?

"The cognitive understanding that others have different beliefs and perspectives, which typically appears around age 4 or 5, is called _____."

Which task is used by developmentalists to measure a child’s theory of mind?

Term: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Term: Rough-and-tumble play

At approximately what age does collaborative pretend play typically begin?

Vygotsky believed that play serves two deep psychological functions: practicing _____ and gaining a sense of _____.

At what age does gender-segregated play typically become entrenched?

Term: Gender schema theory

What biological factor is linked to higher levels of masculine play behavior in both boys and girls?

The brain region responsible for executive functions that grows slowly and matures throughout childhood is the _____.

Term: Emotion regulation

A child who acts on immediate impulses and behaves disruptively or aggressively is showing _____ tendencies.

"A child who is timid, self-conscious, and prone to social inhibition or depression is showing _____ tendencies."

Term: Learned helplessness

"According to Susan Harter, self-esteem is based on comparisons in five domains: academic, athletic, behavioral, popularity, and _____."

"To promote realistic self-esteem, Carol Dweck suggests praising children for _____ rather than ability."

Term: Prosocial behavior

How does 'sympathy' differ from 'empathy' in its relationship to prosocial behavior?

Term: Induction

Term: Proactive aggression

Term: Reactive aggression

"Hurtful acts designed to damage a person's social relationships, such as spreading rumors, are called _____ aggression."

The tendency for aggressive children to misread benign social cues as threatening is called the _____.

Harry Stack Sullivan believed that the 'chum' or best friend relationship at age 9 provides a vital training ground for _____.

"In sociometric studies, children who are frequently disliked by classmates and never named as 'most liked' are categorized as _____."

Term: Bully-victims

Why is cyberbullying considered more toxic than traditional bullying?

The act of passively watching or encouraging a bully is known as _____ behavior.

Baumrind’s parenting style characterized by high levels of both love and discipline is called _____.

Baumrind’s parenting style characterized by high discipline but low warmth ('just do what I say') is called _____.

Term: Permissive parenting

"The parenting style characterized by low structure and low love, leaving children to raise themselves, is called _____."

Term: Resilient children

What is the primary factor that allows resilient children to thrive in parched environments?

Term: Corporal punishment

Term: Child maltreatment

The practice of one divorced parent bad-mouthing the other to turn the child against them is called _____.

Term: IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests

Term: Achievement tests

The current standard intelligence test used for children is the _____.

A child is typically labeled as 'gifted' if their IQ score is _____ or above.

Term: Dyslexia

"In test measurement, _____ refers to the stability of scores when a person takes the same test more than once."

"In test measurement, _____ refers to whether the test actually measures what it is intended to measure."

The worldwide rise in average IQ scores over the 20th century is known as the _____.

Charles Spearman’s term for a general intelligence factor that underlies all cognitive activities is \$g\$.

"Robert Sternberg’s theory of 'Successful Intelligence' identifies three facets: analytic, _____ , and practical."

How many distinct types of intelligence did Howard Gardner identify in his 'Multiple Intelligences' theory?

Term: Intrinsic motivation

Term: Extrinsic motivation

What happens to a child’s intrinsic motivation when they are given external rewards for an activity they already enjoy?

"According to Deci and Ryan, extrinsic tasks feel more intrinsic when they satisfy the need for relatedness, competence, and _____."

Term: Collective efficacy