1What is the function of emerging adulthood?
Role exploration, trying out options before adult life
2What are Marcia's four categories of identity statuses?
1. Identity Diffusion
2. Identity Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Identity achievement
3What are the 3 stages of Bernard Murstein's SVR Theory?
Stimulus Phase
Value Comparison Phase
Role Phase
4Ainsworth preoccupied/ambivalent attachment style:
Excessively Clingy & Needy
5Preoccupied/ambivalent attached partners are excessively ____ and _____
clingy and needy
6____________/ambivalent attached partners are excessively clingy and needy
Preoccupied
7Preoccupied\/___________ attached partners are excessively clingy and needy
ambivalent
8____________\/________ attached partners are excessively clingy and needy
preocuppied/ambivalent
9What attachment style is characterized by excessive clinginees and neediness?
peroccupied/ambivalent
10Ainsworth Avoidant/Dismissive attachment style
Stand-offish, excessively disengaged
11Avoidant/dismissive partners are ________, excessively disenaged
stand-offish
12Avoidant/dismissive partners are stand-offish, excessively _______
disenaged
13________/dismissive partners are stand-offish, excessively disengaged
Avoidant
14Avoidant\/________ partners are stand-offish, excessively disengaged
dismissive
15_______\/________ partners are stand-offish, excessively disengaged
avoidant/dismissive
16What attachment style is characterized by stand-offishness, and excessive disengagement?
Avoidant/Dismissive Style
17People who are securely attached show genuine ______, full openness to _____, give partners space to _______, and feel firmly _______.
intimacy; love; differentiate; commited
18Ainsworth Secure Attachment style
Genuine intimacy:
fully open to love
give partners space to differentiate
firmly committed
19What attachment style is characterized by genuine intimacy, openness to love, space to differentiate and full commitment?
secure attachment
20What is emerging adulthood?
The life phase beginning after high school, lasting through the late twenties, and devoted to constructing an adult life.
21What is the primary function or goal of emerging adulthood?
Exploration — testing out options in careers, relationships, and identities before committing to adult life.
22What core emotional quality defines emerging adults?
Exuberant optimism about what lies ahead in their future.
23How did twentieth-century longevity gains contribute to the creation of emerging adulthood?
Increased life expectancy allowed young adults the luxury of postponing adult commitments to explore options.
24How did expanding higher education shape the creation of emerging adulthood?
The need for college and graduate degrees extends career preparation into the mid-twenties and beyond.
25Which Western cultural mindset in the late twentieth century helped promote emerging adulthood?
An emphasis on self-expression, personal freedom, and individual choice.
26An emphasis on _____-______, personal freedom, and individual choice helped to promote emerging adulthood.
self-expression
27An emphasis on self-expression, ______ ______, and individual choice helped to promote emerging adulthood.
personal freedom
28An emphasis on self-expression, personal freedom, and ______ ______ helped to promote emerging adulthood.
individual choice
29An emphasis on self-expression, personal freedom, and individual choice helped to promote _______ _______.
emerging adulthood
30What is cohabitation?
Sharing a household in an unmarried romantic relationship.
31What is nest-leaving?
Moving out of one's childhood home to live independently.
32How do United States cultural expectations clash with economic realities for emerging adults?
Culture expects early independence, but high college costs and job instability force many young adults to live with parents.
33What internal criteria do modern U.S. emerging adults use to define reaching adulthood?
Accepting personal responsibility, financial self-sufficiency, and making independent life choices.
34What is the social clock?
A society's shared age norms that act as guideposts for when specific life activities are appropriate.
35In social clock theory, what is the difference between being on time versus off time?
Being on time matches society's age timetable, while being off time means achieving life tasks too early or too late.
36According to Erikson, what is identity?
The life task of deciding who to be as an adult by transforming the childhood self.
37What is Erikson's primary psychosocial crisis from adolescence into emerging adulthood?
Identity versus role confusion.
38What did Erikson mean by role confusion?
A failure in identity formation marked by aimless drifting, a lack of any sense of a future adult path, or feeling phony.
39Role confusion is marked by _____ ______, a lack of any sense of a future adult path, or feeling phony.
aimless drifting
40Role confusion is marked by aimless drifting, a lack of any sense of a _____ ____ ______, or feeling phony.
future adult path
41Role confusion is marked up by aimless drifting, a lack of any sense of a future adult path, or feeling ______.
phony
42______ _______ is marked up by aimless drifting, a lack of any sense of a future adult path, or feeling phony.
Role confusion
43What did Erikson mean by moratorium in the search for identity?
Taking time to actively explore different life paths, roles, and philosophies to construct a solid adult identity.
44Moratorium is taking time to actively _____ different life paths, roles, and philosophies to construct a solid adult identity
explore
45Moratorium is taking time to actively explore different life paths, ______, and philosophies to construct a solid adult identity
roles
46Moratorium is taking time to actively explore different life paths, roles, and _________ to construct a solid adult identity
philosophies
47What are James Marcia's four identity statuses?
Identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement.
48According to Marcia, what is identity diffusion?
An identity status in which a person feels aimless or blocked, drifting toward adulthood without goals.
49According to Marcia, what is identity foreclosure?
An identity status in which a person adopts an adult path handed down by an authority figure without thought or self-exploration.
50According to Marcia, what is identity moratorium?
An identity status in which a person actively explores different possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path.
51According to Marcia, what is identity achievement?
A fully mature identity status reached when a young person decides on a satisfying adult life path after weighing options.
52What is ruminative moratorium?
An inability to choose between different identities, causing a young person to become emotionally paralyzed and anxious.
53What is ethnic identity?
How people come to terms with who they are in relation to their unique ethnic or racial heritage.
54How can a strong ethnic identity benefit an emerging adult?
It provides a lifelong sense of mission, pride, and resilience when engaging in society.
55What is Erikson's primary psychosocial task for early adulthood?
Intimacy versus isolation.
56According to Erikson, what does the task of intimacy involve?
Connecting with a partner in a mutual, committed, and loving relationship.
57What risk does an adult face if they fail to resolve the task of intimacy?
Isolation and emotional loneliness.
58How does identity resolution relate to achieving intimacy in Erikson's theory?
A firm sense of identity allows an individual to commit deeply to a partner without losing their sense of self.
59What does searching for intimacy involve in modern emerging adulthood?
Navigating extended dating, cohabitation, and developing deep emotional commitment alongside career establishment.
60What is relationship churning?
On-again/off-again romantic relationships in which couples repeatedly break up and reconcile.
61What are the three classifications developmentalists use for adult attachment styles?
Secure adult attachment,
preoccupied/ambivalent adult attachment,
avoidant/dismissive adult attachment.
62What defines a secure adult attachment style?
The genuine capacity for intimacy, balancing personal needs with a partner's, and being fully open to love.
63What is an example behavior of a securely attached adult in a relationship?
Reaching out emotionally, listening nondefensively, and giving a partner space while staying committed.
64What defines a preoccupied/ambivalent adult attachment style?
An excessively needy, clingy, and engulfing style of relating to loved ones.
65What is an example behavior of a preoccupied/ambivalent adult in a relationship?
Showing intense jealousy, suffocating a partner, and demanding continuous reassurance of being loved.
66What defines an avoidant/dismissive adult attachment style?
A standoffish, excessively disengaged, and emotionally distant style of relating to loved ones.
67What is an example behavior of an avoidant/dismissive adult in a relationship?
Withholding affection, remaining aloof, and abruptly disengaging whenever closeness increases.
68How do securely attached adults respond during relationship disagreements?
They handle conflict constructively, regulate anger, and work together with their partner as a team.
69How does a preoccupied adult's attachment style affect their romantic outcomes?
Their clingy and engulfing behavior often evokes rejection, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
70How does an avoidant adult react when a partner seeks deeper emotional connection?
They pull away, emphasize strict autonomy, and refuse to share vulnerable feelings.
71Can adult attachment styles change over time?
Yes; loving relationships or conscious efforts to relate openly can shift insecure styles toward secure attachment.