MLS 007: MODULE #1 (INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS)

field of science that examines how traits are passed from one generation to the next

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An organism's _____ are segment of DNA that are fundamental units of heredity

plays an essential role in how the organism looks, behaves, and reproduces

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Understanding _____ as a foundation for all other life sciences, including agriculture and medicine, is critical

is still a young science

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The principles that govern inheritance of traits by one generation from another were described (and promptly lost) less than _____ years ago

documents patterns of heredity in pea plants, when

propose chromosome theory of
heredity, when

shows that xrays induce mutation, when

shows that heredity information is contained in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, when

described the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, when

discovers that A=T and C=G
(Chargaff's rule), when

propose the double helix structure of DNA, when

sequencing projects begin, when

first identifies DNA ("NUCLEIN"), when

confirms the chromosome theory of heredity with his "fly room"
colleagues, when

his transformation experiments transform non-pathogenic bacteria strains to pathogenic, when

demonstrates genetic recombination in corn, when

show that DNA is the "transforming principle" responsible for
heredity, when

use radioactive labeling to prove that DNA is responsible for heredity, when

propose the existence of mRNA, when

four major subdivisions of genetics

descibes how physical characteristics or traits are passed along from one generation to another

classical genetics is sometimes referred to as

is a genetics means you start a new scientific discipline, and it gets named after you

refers to the fact that classical genetics describes how traits are passed on, or transmitted, from parents to their offspring

division of genetics that looks at the genetic makeup of larger groups

study of chemical and physical structures of DNA, RNA, and proteins

what is DNA?

what is RNA?

also covers how genes do their jobs

highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationships between genes and the traits with which they are associated

transmitting traits from generation to generation

genetics of individuals and their families that is mostly focuses on stidying physical traits, or phenotypes

a humble monk and part-time scientist, founded the entire discipline of genetics

includes the study of cells and chromosomes, also the genetics of sex and reproduction

a machine that drives inheritance

defines males and females from a biological perspective

may be influenced by social and cultural factors, and may differ from one's biological sex

DNA and the chemistry of genes

study of actual genes which focuses on physical and chemical structure of the double helix, DNA

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Genes are expressed through a complex system of interactions that begins with _____

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Copying DNA's messages into a somewhat temporary form called _____

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RNA carries the DNA message through the process of _____, which in essence is like taking a blueprint to factory to guide the manufacturing process

subdisciplines of molecular genetics

it is a result from changes in the DNA

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One area in which calculations are used to describe what goes on genetically is _____

study of the genetic diversity of a subset of a particular species

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE:

MOLECULAR genetics helps scientists understand how the collective genetic diversity of a population influences the health of individuals within the population

is a type of population genetics that involves studying how traits change overtime

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Describing the genetics of populations from a mathematical standpoint is also critical to _____

transmitting traits from generation to generation

DNA and the chemistry of genes

genetics of groups

getting a handle on heredity

examines traits that vary in subtle ways and relates those traits to the underlying genetics of an organism

TRUE OR FALSE

One application of quantitative genetics is determining how heritable a particular trait is

gives some indication of how much a characteristic can change when selective breeding is applied

the daily life for someone working in genetics can include working in the lab, teaching in the classroom, or interacting with patients and their families

a busy place full of equipments and supplies and researchers toiling away at their workstations (lab benches)

every lab contains the ff.

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Repeated freezing and thawing causes _____ to break into tiny pieces, which destroys it

used in genetics lab that aren't
frost-free

separates substances from each other and spins at extremely high speeds to force materials to separate so that researchers can handle them individually

used for growing bacteria under controlled conditions

it is often used by the researchers for experimental tests of how genes work

used for sterilizing glassware and other equipment using extreme heat and pressure to kill bacteria and viruses

a person who studies genetics

they study genes and science of heredity

used for recording every step of every reaction or experiment in nauseating detail

a legal document that can be used in court cases, so precision and completeness are musts

jobs in genetics:

often called lab techs, who handle most of the day-to-day work in the lab

often work in private industries, designing experiments and directing the activities of lab techs

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

basic physical and functional unit of heredity

the study of inheritance in relation to the structure and function of chromosomes

2 copies of each chromosomes

displays all of the chromosomes in a cell

where genes reside at specific locations on a particular chromosome

form of gene at a given locus (2 alleles per locus) (one per chromosome)

2 alleles being identical

2 alleles having a different nucleotide sequence, which may be caused by mutations

the observable traits of the individual, produced by the interaction of the genes and the environment

the genetic composition of the individual

the capability to inherit a tratit from a parent

trait-one that manifests itself even when an allele is a heterozygous stateexanllw

trait-one that manifests only when the gene is in a homozygous state

traits-bith alleles in a heterozygous pair are expressed

example of codominant

trait when the mutant allele is located on the X chromosome

change in one base of the DNA

a loss of bases in the DNA

they use research scientists to conduct investigations on how drugs affect gene expression and to develop new treatments, such as gene therapy

use by research scientists to analyze DNA found at crime scenes and to compare DNA fingerprints

used to extract DNA or run DNA fingerprints

usually holds a master's degree or PhD

run the laboratories that perform genetic testing for patients

their responsibilities includes analyzing and interpreting test results for patients, as well as supervising all laboratory operations

they work with patients who have or are at-risk for genetic conditions

their role generally includes the diagnosis of genetic disorders, as well as the management and treatment

are healthcare professionals with training in both genetics and psychology

generally work as a part of a healthcare team to help patients who have a personal or family history of a genetic condition, or individuals who may have a higher risk of having a child with a genetic condition based on genetic testing

a relatively new position in the field of genetics

often have a bachelor's degree in a science or medical related field, and many are pursuing a master's degree in genetic counseling

determines eligibility for admission to graduate programs and may be used for selection for fellowships and awards